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Unfortunately, we are living in a world where prejudice and discrimination are very common. This act of judgment could be done by a certain group in an unconscious way. The psychological term for this is an implicit bias which refers to the arrogances or stereotypes that affect the understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious behavior. The fact is, our implicit biases affect the way we relate to others in a very real way. Our race, gender, age, religion, or sexual orientation can make the difference between whether we get a job or not, a reasonable paycheck, or a fair payment, or whether we get randomly pulled over or shot and killed for no deceptive reason. What are the social, and cognitive, and emotional origins of prejudice, …show more content…
In-groups are social groups that individuals identify “us”, or in another words, they favor themselves over everyone else. Out-groups are also social groups with whom they don’t identify “them”. Another form is prejudice is scapegoating, where prejudice is directed at out-groups with little social power. The social cognitive theory opinions prejudice as an attitude acquired through direct instruction. Another view is the realistic conflict theory, which posits that conflict between groups increase the level of prejudice. The social identity theory states that the formation of a person’s identity is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison, which both of these link to social identity and social comparison. There are many forms and examples of prejudice, but the root of the problem is why people are prejudice. Prejudice can come up as a way of justifying social inequality. This happens when people on both sides of power and wealth believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get and this is referred to as just-world phenomenon. Social scientists have also acknowledged some mutual social factors that may contribute to the occurrence of prejudice and discrimination. Some of these factors are socialization, conforming behaviors, economic benefits, authoritarian personality, ethnocentrism, group closure, and conflict theory. All of these are all factors that contribute to prejudice and
Some people say prejudice is part of human nature. Others think we learn it from our elders. Either one could be true, as there are various controversial beliefs about why prejudice exists in the world. One interesting theory is that prejudice is an emotional reaction that is triggered in our brain whenever we encounter unknown people, who have different physical characteristics, different personalities, and/or different beliefs. In fact, these unfamiliar people scare us, and we start treating them differently to reassure ourselves that they cannot possibly matter to us. Another possible reason for prejudice could be negative education about others, either direct or indirect. An example of the direct type would be that you are deliberately taught to avoid certain people who are discriminate...
Racism and prejudice have always existed in human history. Being a taboo subject and a controversial topic, many persons have tried to explain and find the reason to such human behavior towards another group of people. Such researches are the hope of many to see the racial discrimination ending. Vincent N. Parillo, through his essay "Causes of Prejudice" tries to explain the reasons of racism and discrimination in the U.S. Parillo divides his essay in two parts, one for the psychological causes and one for the social reasons. In the first part, Parillo cites the main psychological causes as: levels of prejudices (cognitive, emotional and action-oriented), self-justification, personality and frustration. In the second part he deals with the social reasons which are: socialization, economic competition and social norms. For each cause he gives strong arguments based on historical facts or even actual facts and statistics which made his essay reliable.
“Two dangers arise when in-group members have little exposure to out-groups members or knowledge of out-group history” (Ramirez-Berg pg. 18). One is that history can be replaced by other group’s experience. Two is the stereotypical image can be taken as normal or even natural. The five functions of stereotyping that are developed and passed on to others. The first two are focused on a personal level. One is cognitive function of the environment. Two is motivational function protecting values. “The remaining three are at group level, where stereotypes contribute to the creation and maintenance of group beliefs which are then used…” (Ramirez-Berg pg. 28). Three is explaining in a large-scale social event. Four is to justify action. Five is to differentiate in and out
Jr., Bernard E. Whitley and Mary E. Kite. The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination. Belmont: Cengage Learning, 2010. Web.
Prejudices shape our perceptions of various people and influence our attitudes and actions toward particular groups and prejudicial attitudes that are negative often lead to hostile relations between domi...
Some of the strengths of the social identity theory are that; throughout the years it has supported many empirical studies, it has also demonstrated the social categorization in intergroup behaviors, allowed us to differentiate between social and personal identities and has provide explanations for other areas of psychology (conformity). A weaknesses of the Social identity theory is that its application is restricted in the sense that it has very low ecological validity. Another weakness is that SIT favors situational factors rather than dispositional is not supported by evidence. The social Identity theory can be used to how to explain how we form our social and personal identities in the terms of in and out groups. SIT can also be used to explain why there is conflict between humans and different societies.
Prejudice can be caused because of various reasons. Religion, ethnic race and social status are examples of causes of prejudice. Sometimes prejudice is caused by how we are raised. Many times parents pass on prejudice beliefs to their children. A lot people raised in the southern part of the country are prejudice against blacks. In the early to mid 1960’s, prejudice was alive and well in the south. Blacks had their own bathrooms and were forced to ride in the back of city busses. It’s hard to believe that was doing on only 40 years ago. A lot of Middle Eastern countries are very prejudice against women.
Four conditions have been identified as necessary for in-group bias to be expressed: individuals must be subjectively identified as belonging to their in-group and use this sense of identification to define their self concept, the dimension involved in intergroup comparison must be perceived to be important or relevant, the out-group must be seen to be a suitable comparison group and the actual positions of the in-group and out-group on the
This brings attention to why race and ethnicity exist so predominantly in society. There are a number of theories that observe why racism, prejudice, and discri...
Prejudice causes the rejection of positive experiences and relationships. This idea is present throughout the novel of Pride and Prejudice. Dividing into different groups produces ingroup favoritism which is “...the tendency to respond more positively to people from our ingroups than we do to people from outgroups” (Stangor 1). Society feels more comfortable around others who have shared similarities. Although this is natural, someone who is not a part of the group is treated unfairly.
Some of the most common factors that generate discrimination and prejudice include cultural differences, religious differences, socio-economic differences, racial differences, differences in sexual orientation
Everyone is prejudice in some way or another. From a young age individuals observe, or are taught discrimination against others. Whether it is because of religion, sexuality, race, gender, personality, or just someone’s way of life, everyone is biased. In many ways, who we are today, is influenced by our race, ethnicity, and culture, and overall our individual identities. Every experience, positive or negative, has an impact on how we react to something in the future. Decisions others make, can impact the way we interact with others, our personal beliefs, and all together our life experiences. Along our path of life, we meet people with different goals and circumstances they’ve encountered which make them who they are and why they do certain things a certain way. But our experiences
Lastly, one of the last contribution to prejudice and discrimination is conformity. Humans tend to conform for social norms. Conformity may come from a need for social approval. A study in South Africa revealed that Caucasians with high need for conformity were likely to be prejudiced against blacks. A study related to fraternities and sororities proved that they were equally likely to express the negative views of the out groups whether in public or private.
Our behaviors are observed by others. Others may not concur with these beliefs or behaviors causing them to react in ways disagreeable to the observed individual. Unfortunately, this can cause conflict in one's environment impacting both parties in unenthusiastic ways, particularly because ‘the theory argues that people define themselves, in part, by their group memberships (Rohall, 2016, p. 143)’. In contrast, they can affect additional people in positive ways such as presenting ideas and actions in manners which appear inviting to
Prejudice is a theme that occurs in most everybody’s lives. Prejudice is the act of someone thinking how another person thinks or acts without actually meeting that person. Sometimes the prejudice comes from them as they stereotype the people around them. A lot of the time, the strangers around them are silently judging them and the prejudice is directed towards them. Other times, however, they are merely bystanders who hear stories about people being judged around them.