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Arguments against skepticism
Arguments against skepticism
A Defense of Skepticism
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Have you ever questioned if the truth you know and abide by is actually the truth? Do you ever think that you actually know anything, or if there is any evidence to back it up? If so, you can most definitely relate to the views of skepticism. Skepticism is defined as “The view that we lack knowledge in some fundamental way.” (Vaughn 81) Skepticism has been both supported and challenged by many famous philosophers throughout history. Socrates and Plato are two philosophers who have each made a valid argument for either side of skepticism. Some philosophers may be concerned about it, while others do not seem to be concerned at all. As I noted above, skepticism is the idea that nobody truly knows the whole truth in anything at all. Socrates proposed …show more content…
For example, religious people who believe in God could be challenged by a skepticist because there is no hard evidence he did actually exist. They would likely state what took place in the Bible and other religious texts do not constitute enough evidence. The idea of skepticism can be seen as somewhat concerning for philosophers because it is a way for others to challenge their views. Although, as long as a proposition is “believed in, true, and supported with good reasons, it qualifies as necessary and sufficient knowledge.” (Vaughn …show more content…
Relativism follows along the same path as skepticism. It is defined as “The view that the truth about something depends on what persons or cultures believe.” (Vaughn 81) Plato also supports his stance on skepticism and views alike, by stating if those views were indeed accurate, philosophy would be widely open-ended and knowledge would be intolerable. In my opinion, there is no need to fear skepticism because if what skepticists believe to be true, then knowledge itself does not exist, and every concept imaginable is just based on one’s own beliefs. Plato responds to Sophists, skepticists, relativists, and those alike with an effective argument. His point centered on forming knowledge from beliefs, because in his eyes if a belief meets the criteria mentioned above, (as believable, truthful, and supported with good reasons) then it qualifies as knowledge. Under my perspective, it seems like no other measures would need to be required in order for that particular concept to be a knowledge-based
The other answer to the question is that faith is doubt. This basis relies on the fact that since there is so little proof, one must doubt therefore one must have faith.
The Theaetetus is composed of three main parts, each part being allotted to a different definition of what constitutes as knowledge. While the Theaetetus is focused primarily on how to define knowledge, the arguments faced by Socrates and Theaetetus greatly resemble arguments made by different later theories of knowledge and justification. I will argue in this essay that due to the failure faced by Socrates and Theaetetus in their attempt at defining knowledge, the conclusion that would be best fit for their analysis would be that of skepticism. In doing this I will review the three main theses, the arguments within their exploration that resemble more modern theories of knowledge and justification, and how the reason for the failure of the theories presented in the Theaetetus are strikingly similar to those that cause later theories of epistemology to fail.
In the first Meditation, Descartes states that our experience of the world cannot provide an assured foundation on which all knowledge can be based. Throughout life we often learn that what we have been taught are usually prejudices and a product of our environment or culture. This should make an individual question whether all things we think are obvious, might in fact be completely incorrect. This is the foundation for Descartes doubt, and the creation of his method of doubt. Descartes suggests that we use a method that will limit errors by tracing what we know back to a solid foundation of indubitable beliefs.
Rene Descartes’ greatest work, Meditations on First Philosophy, attempts to build the base of knowledge through a skeptical point of view. In the First Meditation, Descartes argues that his knowledge has been built on reason and his senses, yet how does he know that those concepts are not deceiving him? He begins to doubt that his body exists, and compares himself to an insane person. What if he is delusional about his social ranking, or confused about the color of his clothes, or even unaware of the material that his head is made of? This is all because the senses are deceiving, even in our dreams we experience realistic visions and feelings. Finally, Descartes comes to the conclusion that everything must be doubted, and begins to build his
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy defines skepticism as denial or doubt of a particular belief, fact, or action. Skepticism deals primarily with questioning knowledge from an opposing perspective and refrains f...
Even today, Noble falsehood is a popular topic. On one hand, people are keen to talk how politicians use those well-intentional lies to achieve some incredible things. On the other hand, people accuse those politicians of divesting people’s right of choice making and intentionally hiding the truth. It seems that people have an alternative feeling towards falsehood. Thus, this essay is aim to discuss why and how in some cases falsehood is such a useful thing in politics, whereas in the others it is a contradiction in Plato’s political project.
Philosophical skepticism questions the nature of reality, where what is real is always at conflict with the imagination. This is manifested in the movie where the reality of the world is one where people are physically at war with the machines that are intent on destroying them, and then there is the imaginative where the people are connected to a virtual world where they experience a simulated existence and where things are relatively normal. In the simulated world, what they perceive is processed as normal, and when they are disconnected from their virtual state, the shock of what is real is almost too much for them to comprehend, especially after the initial awakening.
Thrasymachus, Polemarchus, Cleitophon, and Socrates’ heated debate over the nature of justice in Book 1 of The Republic of Plato comes to an intriguing point of argument wherein both parties go back and forth over justice being the “advantage of the stronger”(15). It is clear that Socrates presents a more sound and logical counterargument as he calls upon the duties and abilities of professionals in their fields and how they benefit not only themselves but humanity at large as well. His skill in argument serves him well and the clear victor in the debate as the textual evidence is easily observable both in Plato’s presentation of the squabble and in Thrasymachus’ responses.
Confusion plagues everyone in the world. Daily people are subject to struggles that involve them being confused and allow them to not fully take in what the world has to offer. Confusion simply put is the "impaired orientation with respect to time, place, or person; a disturbed mental state." With that said it is evident that many things a susceptible to confusion, and being confused. When reading Plato one cannot
“Properly open mind is just the most enjoyable way to live” Ronald Geiger said in his article about skepticism. Skepticism is one of the first steps on the road to open, creative and critical thinking that young people should take in their lives. It is important for the people in adolescence, like high school students, to learn how to think properly and be critical toward some of the aspects of society. The course in skepticism in high school will allow students to have positive effects on their intellectual level, ethical standing, physical condition and psychological status. Skepticism should be included in high school curriculars and be one of the requirements for graduation because of its tremendous amount of beneficial factors in the life of high school students.
...nses while Plato only trusted his reason. Plato felt that only with our reason could we understand and obtain true knowledge. We can only have ‘opinions’ about what we experience with our senses. He only trusted his reason because “we cannot always trust the evidence of our senses. The faculty of vision can vary from person to person.”(Gaarder 86) He also did not trust the sense because he felt we couldn’t have “true knowledge of something that is in constant state of change.”(Gaarder 85) He trusted reason because he felt reason was the same for every person. Plato only trusts his reason and does not believe what he experiences with his senses while Aristotle felt that experiencing things with our sense is the highest degree of reality and believed all our knowledge comes from what we experienced with our senses. Plato and Aristotle’s theories on metaphysical topics, of ‘forms’ and what is reality are very different and completely opposite.
...external world or the self, we are never certain of anything. Hence, we have no knowledge at all because knowledge is classified as true, justified belief and our ideas and thoughts are not. This is a strong case, and therefore, I believe with his knowledge towards skepticism, but I do not necessarily believe in skepticism.
In Philosophy, we learn that it is okay to doubt things that occur in our lives. It is not only okay but it is a natural response to something you are unclear or uncertain about. Sometimes, though, the build-up of doubt becomes too much for someone to handle so they become suicidal or just give up trying to think about it all together. When this happens, there is a tendency to become cynical, and this is a tragedy because then you feel like nothing is really worth trying to figure out.
Skepticism, as a philosophy, requires one to constantly question or even reject common knowledge and to find information on one’s own. Of course, extremes of any philosophy exist and nihilism may have formed as an extreme view of skepticism. As such, Skeptics often have a slight nihilistic interpretation of the world. One of the very first philosophers to speak about nihilism in its known sense, Max Stirner, began with denying absolutes. Many others took the concepts and eventually shaped nihilism into the philosophy about denying concepts, ideas, and truths.
Plato’s first argument for the Forms can be considered an epistemological argument. Plato claims that: knowledge is enduring, and a true rational belief based on instruction. He says we do have knowledge, but that it cannot be about the world of the senses (because the senses can deceive); therefore it must be about an eternal world. This enduring world is the world of the Forms.