The title of the journal is Infant & Child Development published 2016. The title of the article is Biased Facial Expression Interpretation in Shy Children written by Jessica Kokina, Alastair Youngera,, Pierre Gosselina and Tracy Vaillancourtb This article’s topic of study is shy children and how the decipher facial expressions. The scientists expected shyness to have a connection with the inclination to detect dislike in the facial expression of others. They also hypothesized that children would exaggerate the possibility of people looking at them with negative facial expression would result in an undesirable outcome. They would also negatively misjudge the possibility of people looking at them with positive facial expressions leading to …show more content…
Demographic information that they gathered included age, sex, school, and grade. Schools rejected the idea of gathering information on ethnicity, so that information could not be obtained. In order to asses a student’s shyness, students were asked to take the Children’s Shyness Questionnaire also known as the CSQ. The CSQ is a self-assessment used to determine the child’s knowledge of shyness. This is determined through children’s responses to the questions like “What comes to mind when you hear the term being shy.” (Kokina 8) The questions on the CSQ range from items that measure the unease of social interaction to typical embarrassment. Although the CSQ has 26 questions, the scientists decided to only use 25. They left item out because it didn’t offer much difference to the scale. You can receive a score between 25 to 75 on the CSQ. Normally, lower scores indicate an increased degree of shyness. However, during this study the opposite was true. Higher scores indicated and higher degree of …show more content…
Rejection sensitivity refers to the inclination to anticipate and perceive negative interpersonal events readily. (Kokina 6) The CRSQ is made up of two minor scales. They are the Angry Expectations of Rejection and the Anxious Expectations of Rejection. However, this study focused on Anxious Expectations of Rejection. The resulting scores for this minor scale were used as an assessment of rejection sensitivity. During the CRSQ children used multiple choice options to express their feelings during peer and teacher related scenes that include the risk of being rejected. Each of the 12 settings are followed by questions that measure their nervousness, anger, and their predictions on whether or not they will be rejected. Each child has 6 options for answering each question. Each child’s rejection sensitivity score was determined by finding the average of all the
A study was conducted to see people’s reactions to angry and sad faces of men and women. When these two faces were blended together, as in, the angry woman and sad woman were blended...
Malatesta, C. Z., & Haviland, J. M. (1982). Learning display rules: The socialization of emotion expression in infancy. Child development, 991-1003.
This book studies closely all factors of social phobia in youth. One of the earliest point is that introverts are much more likely to have SAD than extraverts. Very interesting observation is that every patient has something called behavioral inhibition. It's used to describe fear, avoidance, timidity when in contact with new things or people and way of acting towards them. Most “prevalent social fears included: speaking before others or taking tests, speaking in public, conversing with others, eating or drinking in public” (Kearney, 24) More girls than boys confessed to having these sorts of fears.
Empathy is a really important aspect in a child’s life, as it helps them understand their emotions, increases prosocial behavior, as well as helps preschoolers understand others emotions while interacting with their peers. Facial expressions are another part of child’s understanding of what’s going on with another person’s emotions. An encouragement for the child during preschool years is crucial in order for the child to learn and regulate certain behaviors. However, during the preschool years children are able to communicate a limited amount of emotions they are feeling through the help of the teachers, and by interacting with their peers (Prosocial Behavior, 2002) As the child is growing they will interact more with peers, which will lead them to understand their interests and abilities. They are able to communicate their likes and dislikes during the preschool stage. During the early years many theorists had suggested that young children are too egocentric, and cannot understand or perform empathy (Bierhoff, 2002). However, recent studies have clearly stated that young children are capable of displaying many different types of behaviors, which show empathy towards others, and motivates them to have a prosocial behavior. However, it is a challenge for preschoolers to communicate while showing empathy, as they have limited amount of language they can use. A very common way of knowing whether a preschooler is showing empathy is by observing their reaction to another child’s stress (Prosocial Behavior, 2002).
Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD) can be defined simply as a disorder in which an individual purposefully withdraws and avoids social contact for fear of rejection (Alloy, Riskind, & Manos, 2004). The individual that exhibits this disorder has an extreme sensitivity to criticism and the idea that they may be rejected, humiliated, shamed, or disapproved by others (Alloy et al., 2004). Morrison (1995) states that the sensitivity to criticism and potential disapproval has an effect making individuals with AVPD more likely to demonstrate modesty and eagerness to please others, however, this sensitivity can also lead to social isolation. The individual with AVPD may have difficulty distinguishing otherwise more innocent comments and view them as being critical. This can also lead to avoiding certain social situations and even career choices that involve a high level of interpersonal demands.
These student were placed into four groups. In each group, they were asked to fill out what their impressions and feelings were of the experimenter and to answer eight questions. The subject had a choice to answer the questions while being interviewed by the experimenter. Each group had the same task, however in group one, the subject was the control who had to answer the questions. In group two, the subject would answer the question and the experimenter would touch the subjects back. The third group had to answer the questions, but the experimenter would reveal information about himself and self-disclose before the subject would answer the questions. On the fourth group, the experimenter would self-disclose and proceed with the same procedures as group three, but for this group, the experimenter would touch the subject in the back. After the experiment, the subjects were asked to fill out their impressions and feelings. The independent variable for experiment two was the touching and the self-disclosure of the experimenter. The dependent variable was the time spent and duration of the subject’s self-disclosure.
German psychologist Hans Eysenck’s Model of Nervous System Temperament links temperament traits, specifically introversion and extraversion to the Central Nervous System. Introverted people are typically quiet, reserved, and timid whereas extraverts are active, sociable, and outgoing (151). According to Eysenck, introverts have high levels of brain arousal, which is controlled by the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS). Therefore, introverts do not need to seek external arousal leading them to be more reserved. Contrastingly, he argues that extraverts have lower levels of brain arousal and therefore are more sensation seeking in order to make up for it. In this paper, I will aim to synthesize and summarize some of the research regarding introversion and extraversion and their link to the central nervous system and states of arousal. I will synthesize this information to support the idea that while introversion and extraversion are on some level linked to states of arousal, Eysenck’s arousal hypothesis is not alone sufficient to explain the biological differences between introverted and extraverted individuals and their behaviors as such.
Cohen, R. J., Swerdlik, M., Sturman, E. (07/2012). Psychological Testing and Assessment: An Introduction to Tests and Measurement, 8th Edition. [Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from
1. Emotions in early childhood have been studied time by time again, to come to a conscience method on how emotions are developed from the start. The earliest emotions that are expressed in the first six months of an infant’s life are things like surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust with a plethora of other emotions began to spawn. Emotions have proven to be important roles in communication with others and behavioral organization. Infants use these aspects to determine interactions weather emotions would be positive or negative.
"Social Acceptance and Rejection: The Sweet and the Bitter." Association for Psychological Science RSS. Association for Psychological Science, 12 Aug. 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. .
Phillips, G.M. (1984). A Perspective on Social Withdrawal. In J.C. McCroskey & J.A. Daly (Eds.). Avoiding communication: shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension. (pp. 51-66). London: Sage Publications Inc.
Any communication interaction involves two major components in terms of how people are perceived: verbal, or what words are spoken and nonverbal, the cues such as facial expressions, posture, verbal intonations, and other body gestures. Many people believe it is their words that convey the primary messages but it is really their nonverbal cues. The hypothesis for this research paper was: facial expressions directly impact how a person is perceived. A brief literature search confirmed this hypothesis.
I used to be very shy, and not talk to a lot of people. It was a big part of my personality, and I would only talk to someone when spoken to. Wong explains how I acted very well, “My friends and family probably wouldn 't describe me as shy. But for me, being shy has always been about struggling to connect with people I don 't know. I fear the unfamiliarity of a stranger—how they might judge or reject me. Maybe there 's nothing inherently wrong with being timid, but when I started noticing how it affected my everyday life, I wanted to get it under control.” (para. 3). I started getting more and more talkative as I grew older, but one day I decided to change. I began to come out of my comfort zone. For example, I made myself talk more to people even though I was afraid of what I would say, but I made myself do it anyways. This helped me communicate a lot with people, because they began to respect me more, because I would also watch what I would say to them. I still watch what I say most of the time to people because one of my biggest fears is to offend someone on accident because of something that I said. Making myself talk to people more made me a much more outgoing person, which is a big part of who I
479). Throughout my life, I have always been described by teachers, friends, and family as an introvert. I’m shy around other people and often have a difficult time talking to them. In school, I’m the student that the teacher doesn’t know if I’m in class or not, unless I participate in discussions. It was interesting to learn more about introversion by reading about it in the book and the discussions in class. I was intrigued by the research information in the book, “shyness has a strong biological influence” (Grison, Heatherton,Gazzaniga, 2017, p. 484). My grandfather displayed the same quiet nature. Whenever, I went to my grandparent’s home, I noticed how he sat and listened intently to others, but didn’t speak much. He has always had a quiet nature. In addition, I learned more about the trait from the Eysenck’s Biological Trait Theory of Personality, which described how “personality traits had two major dimensions:
People all over the world have accomplished things that made them who they are today. Overcoming shyness was a huge accomplishment and something that was very significant to me that marked my transition from childhood to adulthood.