4 of your sources must be from peer-reviewed scientific journals
2 of these sources must be peer-reviewed primary scientific research articles
Underneath each citation, include a brief (3 to 5 sentences) descriptive summary of that source.
Your annotations must be descriptive enough to indicate the relevance and value of each source.
For papers published in scientific journals, include the following in your annotation: What was the main question being investigated, and why? What general methods were used? What were the main results, and what conclusions can be drawn from this experiment?
For books and websites, identify the major topic(s) covered by the source, and indicate the level of detail that you feel this source provides (general
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The study measured the individual flexibility in standard metabolic rate and activity level in response to the depletion of lipid storage. They found negative correlation of changes in metabolism and activity. They confirmed that animals with decreased metabolic rate increase their activity level. This is a crucial source for the critters project because the study discusses about how polar animals maintain body temperature in cold weather. …show more content…
. . Shapiro, B. (2011). Ancient Hybridization and an Irish Origin for the Modern Polar Bear Matriline. Current Biology, 21(15), 1251-1258. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.058
This article discusses about the risk of acquiring heart problems for those who live in cold climate. Significantly, animals like polar bears are at a high risk of getting heart problems. The article
KNUT, K. (2014). Tundra-taiga biology: human, plant, and animal survival in the Arctic. Choice Reviews Online, 52(01). doi:10.5860/choice.52-0261 The following article discusses the main features of a tundra biome. In addition to the features, it also highlights some of most common adaptations of tundra region. This is one of the most significant article for my project because these characteristics helped me to design the features of polar giraffe.
Liu, S., Lorenzen, E., Fumagalli, M., Li, B., Harris, K., Xiong, Z., & ... McInerney, J. (2014). Population Genomics Reveal Recent Speciation and Rapid Evolutionary Adaptation in Polar Bears. Cell, 157(4), 785-794.
The respiratory system is responsible in regulating gas exchange between the body and the external environment. Differences in respiration rate indirectly influence basal metabolic rate (BMR) by providing the necessary components for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation (Williams et al., 2011). Observation of gas exchange were measured and recorded for two mice (mus musculus) weighing 25 g and 27 g under the conditions of room temperature, cold temperature (8°C), and room temperature after fasting using a volumeter. The rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured and used to calculate BMR, respiratory quotient (RQ) and oxidation rate. The mouse at room temperature was calculated to have a BMR of 2361.6 mm3/g/hr. Under conditions of cold temperature and fasting, the BMR values decreased to 2246.4 mm3/g/hr and 2053.2 mm3/g/hr respectively. Rates of glucose oxidation increased under these treatments while rates of fat oxidation decreased. Respiratory quotient (RQ) values were calculated to determine the fuel source for metabolic activity. On a relative scale, protein or fat appeared to be the primary fuel source for all three treatments although the mouse at 8°C had the highest RQ and may have relatively used the most glucose. It was also concluded that BMR in mice are greater than in humans.
Isle Royal is located fifty-six miles north of Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula. It is the largest wilderness area in Michigan (USNPS, 2014). The island is surrounded by Lake Superior, which creates a cooler temperature. This results in arctic plant species growth on the island. There are only eighteen mammal species present on the island because most mammals cannot make the trip across the frozen great lake (USNPS, 2014). The need for an ice bridge is not the only environmental factor that is stopping the migration of animals; there is also the severe cold, and also wind and fog (Vucetich, 2012). Some species such as caribou and coyote have found the island to be too intense and have gone extinct (Vucetich, 2012). Due to the harsh weather and isolation of the island, humans have never regularly lived on the island (Vucetich, 2012). Some of species that are present such as the red squirrel are becoming their own subspecies due to its separation from the mainland (USNPS, 2014). The isolation of Isle Royal is what makes it a great place to conduct research, it has very low human interaction and the species that are on the island will have been and continue to be isolated from the mainland.
The climate in the Taiga make finding food and life in general difficult so in the winter animals migrate, hibernate or just cope with the harsh climate. Most of the main birds are non threatened like the bohemian waxwing, pine grosbeak, red throated loon and the hawk owl. The bohemian waxwing eats mostly fruit, and make thick nests in tall conifers unlike the hawk owl which nests in hollow tree stumps or abandoned nests and eats small mammals which it hunts in the day. The pine grosbeak nests in mostly conifers with diet of seeds and the red throated loon has a diet of fish because it spends most of its time on the water. Mammals include the ermine; a weasel like animal in which it...
More reliable data can be obtained if more techniques are used to measure metabolic rate. By measuring the heat flow from an organism to its surroundings using a calorimeter, a more accurate metabolic rate can be measured (De V. Weir, 1949). The ratio of the quantity of food an animal consumes and the amount it excretes can also indicate the metabolic rate of that animal (Paradis et al., n.d.). Determining the water flux in animals with tritium labelled water is another valid method of measuring metabolic rates (Paradis et al., n.d.).
The Arctic region is home to a variety of valuable animals and plants, including polar bear, seal, and so on. The ecosystem of the Arctic region is fragile because these animals are evolved to live in extreme conditions. With the climate change, many animals are endangered. Ice is the habitat of polar animals because they have to rely on sea ices for resting, food, and reproduction. With the climate change and the decrease of sea ice, the number of polar animals is decreasing and their health is threatened. For example, the average weight of female polar bears in 1980 was about 650 pounds, but the number reduced to about 500 pounds in 2004 (Djoghlaf 15). The earlier breakup and later condensation of sea ice shortens the hunting season of polar bears. Polar bears mainly feed on seals that indwell icy land. The melting ice reduces the number of seals and food intake of polar bears. In addition, polar bears are used to living in ice caves. The rising temperature causes the collapse of ice caves, which can kill baby bears. The climate change is negatively affecting the biodiversity in the region and will definitely harm the ecosystem
2. Also always be sure to cite each quote. Make sure that you have the author and the page number every time.
(i) Gives the title of each source (following the citation guidelines of whatever style sheet you are using);
Markovsky, Alexander. "Massive Cutbacks in Karelia's Nature." Taiga Rescue Network 2011-11-08. N.p., 8 Nov. 2011. Web. 17 Nov. 2013.
The climate of the tundra is characterized by harsh winters. The average temperature in the tundra area is about –27 degrees. But what is even worse are the long night. At nights the lowest temperture recorded was –67.36 degrees. There are even times in the year when the sun doesn’t come up for days. In the tundra we have little snow and even less rainfall. The rainfall is about a quarter inch in a yearly rainfall. Even though the tundra’s winters are long a harsh there summers are the shortest season of all. Do to the terrible weather and climate in the tundra their animals and plant life is very limited.
The Tundra suffers a very harsh climate. Because of this fact most of the area
Annotated bibliographies are used to question and test the strength of your sources. Researchers use them to find out whether or not the source they plan to use is worth using. While using an annotated bibliography you first summarize the source. Second, you assess the sources; credibility, why it's useful, and why it was chosen over another source. Finally, you reflect back and ask; whether or not it relates to your topic or not, how you can use it in your paper, and if it has changed your mind on the the topic.
For my third source I used information from a book rather than a journal or a book review so I could get different information on the topic.
Works Cited Bates, D. (1957, December 17). Letter from Roy Wilkins. Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America. Beals, M. P. (1994). The Species of the World.
M Dufrasne, I. M. (2013). Journal of Animal Science. Animal Genetics , Volume 91 (12).
Sikes, Roberts. and William L. Gannon. "Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the Use of Wild Mammals in Research." Journal of Mammalogy 92.1 (Feb. 2011): 235-253. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 5 Oct. 2011.