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Brief history of science and technology
The effect of religion on science
Science and tech in the middle ages
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Science, the world’s greatest achievement, has been around for thousands of years. From anatomy to biology, from astronomy to astrology, from physics to quantum physics, all this couldn’t have happened without the help of our ancestors. This was a big step for humankind, many things would be achieved and those things for help the future. Science in medieval Europe underwent numerous changes due in part to inventions and religious beliefs. These advances were reflected throughout European literature, through the renaissance. Inventions that were manufactured made the everyday life easier for people from medieval through the renaissance. Science also challenged a lot of religious beliefs and the church then starting going against science. As time would go by many people had hard time doing many things due to the fact that they took really long to either finish or create. People were finding alternative ways of making life much easier for people, these were called scientists. Ideas to creating new things were being shared in scripts and these ideas were spread throughout Europe. One of the top man made invention was the vertical windmill. This windmill would help grind grain and some even pumped salt water for salt making. These machine only worked when one force was applied to it, wind. Wind would be the biggest source energy during the medieval time since electricity wasn’t yet being used. Other than the windmill the watermill was a great invention as well. Watermills were applied to boats to help move in water a quicker than just rowing. These mills had to be improved from the ancient manuscript due to the bad translations by others through centuries. Another invention that would be used would be the mechanical clock. The clock wo... ... middle of paper ... ...came to be, No one knew exactly and looked at religion for answers. Religion has always been the “answer” for everything and science has always been closer to the answer than religion. When members of the church started realizing that science was challenging them they got frustrated and punished those who opposed the word and work of god. This would be the most important turn in scientific revolution. As the renaissance period approached a couple of scientist started to prove the theories that were based on wrong information. Sir Isaac newton, one of the greatest renaissance physicist and mathematician, would state that the earth wouldn’t be the center of the universe but in fact it would revolve around the sun which also wouldn't be the center of the universe. Newton stated that the sun would be the gravitational force that would make the earth revolve around it.
During the Scientific Revolution, the struggle between faith and reason was exhibited through Galileo and his discoveries. The Catholic Church during the time period of the Scientific Revolution did not approve of any outside scientists who came up with new theories and observations. The Church believed that all information about how the world worked was in the bible and that was the only right source. In an excerpt from “What is Scientific Authority?” written by Galileo in 1615, it states, “Showing a greater fondness for their [Catholic Church’s] own opinions than for truth, they sought to deny & disprove the new things which, if they had cared to look for themselves, their own senses would have demonstrated to them…” Galileo Galilei himself knew that the Church was not willing to approve of new ideas from other scientists, but only from the teachings in the Bible. Later on in the excerpt, Galileo writes, “They [Catholic Church] hurled various charges &…made the grave mistake of sprinkling these with passages taken from places in the Bible which they had failed to understand properl...
In the Renaissance, some aspects of medicine and doctors were still in a Dark Age. Outbreaks of disease were common, doctors were poor, medicine was primitive and many times doctors would kill a patient with a severe treatment for a minor disease! But, there were other sections where medicine and the use of medications improved greatly. This paper is written to illustrate the "light and dark" sides of medicine in the Renaissance.
Mokyr believes that some inventions that was made in the Renaissance period was not documented during this period, “‘If inventions were dated according to the first time they occurred to anyone’…‘this period may indeed be regarded just as creative as the Industrial Revolution.’”17 An example would be the submarine, that was invented during the 1600s, but not produced until centuries later during the Industrial Revolution. Labor was increased across the field, in agriculture they had new crops to produce and pick and they began to feed the animals in the stall instead of allowing them to fallow. The creation of a seed drill allowed for a bigger crop and yield. The windmill supplied a “cheap, clean, and inexhaustible source of energy that is the envy of today’s ecologists.”18 Along with the windmill, coal and peat was found in abundance under Europe. In the western Europe country of the Netherlands, the “Dutch Golden Age” was created by the peat and coal helping with production.19 They lead the hydraulic engineering field, they created the Dutch loom that was more efficient in mass production, a sailor created a separate topmast which lowered cost and the removal could be used during “bad weather” at sea and they also found a way to preserve fish that made them be able to be shipped inland, and the telescope was created.20 In 1450, mining became popular in
In science people started to question the church and its powerthis may have been because the church's "indulgence" policy was so far out of line; as a result to this curiosity people started to study the natural world, discovering the secrets of the universe. Leonardo da Vinci was a huge part of the advancement in Science, with his inventions and theories. This was also the time period that Galileo discovered that the Earth revolved around the sunmuch to the dismay of the church.
In the year of 1348 the black death (a.k.a Plague) arrived in England. Everyone dying left and right it was a major disaster. people in the middle ages were confused and scared or what was going on and curious to why this is happening. Nearly half of the population was dead cause by the black death. However after this world wide catastrophe along came the Renaissance. In my opinion the Renaissance is a pick up from what had happen early ( Black Death). However there have their similarities and differences for examples in the Middles Ages God was control to peoples live and the Renaissance did not apply to that. Furthermore the Renaissance they had invention creativity. Finally both The Middle ages and The Renaissance was Art Architecture.
The Scientific revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries changed the way that people views the world. Scientific philosophers such as Galileo and Descartes threw out the old teachings of the church and challenged them with new ways of thinking. These men sought to prove that rational thought could prove the existence of God. They also challenged that it was an understanding of a series of rational thoughts, not faith, would bring understanding of how the world worked. Traditional ways of thinking were ultimately challenged by logical and sensible rationale.
The modern science paradigm was a great period for the establishment of new worldviews. The Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution were three major cultural interpretations that helped to shape the new modern worldview. There was the new heliocentric model of the universe created by Copernicus, Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, and Galileo’s new method of analysis to study celestial motion that created advancements in astronomy. Bacon’s advancements toward the natural sciences, DesCartes’s philosophical foundation for the creation of a new science, and Newton’s universal theory of gravity through the combination of all the ideas before him we were able to gain new knowledge about the world around us that was not available before the Scientific Revolution. Thus, a
Throughout the Renaissance Era, the Christian faith was looked up upon highly and was followed by a majority. Scientist’s of that era recognized the church as the one thing that was the truth. “[It’s] as well to say that Christ was not born a virgin”(Bellarmine p.g. 34). “The motion of the heart was only to be comprehended by God” (Harvey p.g. 45). Both Bellarmine and Harvey believed in God. So when they found evidence that proved what the church said, they tread carefully. “The universe is a mechanical system in mathematical terms.” (Descartes p.g. 46). Descartes found proof that the earth was not the center of the universe but the sun was. This caused these men to proceed with caution.
...ime period in a positive scientific light. The distinction between modern and medieval science was described as medieval science being more theoretical in nature and modern being of the more applied variety. Through the further presentation of the plethora of Islamic scientists, covering fields as diverse as astronomy, medicine, chemistry, and physics it has been shown, without a doubt, that significant scientific contributions were made in this period. Finally, the source of this misconception was exposed through the common accidental perception of the past as a European narrative. History can easily be focused around Europe, and to do so produces a view of the medieval era being stagnant. However, when one looks at the greater global picture, it is clear that the Islamic world more than makes up for this lull in innovation, successfully brightening the “Dark Age”.
"We arrive at truth, not by reason only, but also by the heart"(1) said Blaise Pascal, one of the greatest minds of the 17th Century. The 17th Century was the time of the scientific revolution. During this period the main idea for everyone, was to question everything not to just listen to what is told. This caused a transformation in thought in both religious and scientific areas. Science allowed the questioning of the teachings of the old church. Scientists battled with ideas in math and physics, while philosophers battled with ideas of God. It was an intellectual revolution concerning the methods for determining humanity's place in the universe. Blaise Pascal was a physicist, a mathematician, and a man of God. He was a Renaissance man of the scientific revolution.
The church was the principal authority of the time period, guiding the people to lead good lives in ways they saw ethically fit (Scearce, 2008). This was done through several avenues including scripture such as the golden rule, or Ten Commandments, which provided the people with the outlines of how to be morally good, and just (Blomquist, 1978). During this period ethics surrounded Christian virtues and it shared a close relationship with philosophy, but this all began to change with the arrival of science (Scearce, 2008). Science has its roots in natural philosophy, a branch of philosophy dedicated more to understanding and explaining the cause relationships between different phenomenon in the world (Scearce, 2008). Science was built on these principals and furthered by examining this effect with a systematic structured approach (Scearce, 2008). It forever changed the world of ethics because it provided individuals with free will. This breath of fresh air gained ground in society for those who did not have a religious point of view, but still wished to live virtuously and live by a code of
Findon, Joanne. Science and Technology in the Middle Ages. New York: Crabtree Publishing Company, 2004.
Islamic expansion led to the siege of Constantinople. Charlemagne tried to promote science and education. The first schools are founded in monasteries. The lessons that were taught were grammar, logic, rhetoric and bible. Geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and music are also included later on. Around the year 1216, the Dominicans adapted the idea that science was a way of figuring out God’s design using logic and experiment. Later in that year the first Universities in Europe were established. Followed by new inventions that included the windmill, spectacles, the compass, and the spinning wheel. In 1350, the plague develops, ultimately killing half of the population of Europe and it kept recurring throughout the Western world a series of time over and over again. The early middle ages there was little advancement in science and medicine, it isn 't until the high and late middle ages were science truly started to make
Over the course of the years, society has been reformed by new ideas of science. We learn more and more about global warming, outer space, and technology. However, this pattern of gaining knowledge did not pick up significantly until the Scientific Revolution. In the sixteenth and seventeenth century, the Scientific Revolution started, which concerned the fields of astronomy, mechanics, and medicine. These new scientists used math and observations strongly contradicting religious thought at the time, which was dependent on the Aristotelian-Ptolemy theory. However, astronomers like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton accepted the heliocentric theory. Astronomical findings of the Scientific Revolution disproved the fact that humans were the center of everything, ultimately causing people to question theology’s role in science and sparking the idea that people were capable of reasoning for themselves.
The renaissance was a period of intellectual movement in the Italy that became a gateway to the early modern western civilization. Starting as a cultural movement in the Italy, the renaissance spread throughout the Europe witnessing the rebirth of art, science, music, religion and self-awareness tremendously. It brought many moments with the help of intellect thinkers, inventors and explorers who helped in bringing new conceptions of life and the universe. For an instance, Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei also played very important role in history of renaissance. Moreover, the publication of Galilei’s “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems” is regarded as one of the most important and influential moments in the history which shaped