Rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhea in young infants. This virus was discovered in 1973. It is a non enveloped, double stranded RNA virus in Class III of the Baltimore Classification system. It is part of the virus family Reoviridae. There are five different species of this virus known as A, B, C, D, and E. Rotavirus A is the most common species of the virus causing more than 90% of infections in humans. It causes severe gastroenteritis and is a major cause of disease and death in children. Rotavirus attacks enterocytes in the small intestine causing the villous in the small intestine to shorten and fuse. Immunity of the virus develops with each infection. The virus is icosahedral with a triple capsid structure. The virus can be transmitted by the fecal-oral route. It has been identified in the stool of young children. Contact with contaminated hands, surfaces and objects can lead to the transmission of this virus.
In 1974, Thomas Flewett named the virus the Rotavirus after observing the virus through an electron microscope. He observed that the virus looked like a wheel (rota in Latin). In 1976, the virus was observed in several other species such as pigs and calves. This virus had many serotypes, all of which caused gastroenteritis. It was recognized as a collective pathogen affecting gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Rotavirus serotypes were discovered in 1980s.
The Rotavirus has a 3 layered viral capsid. The outer layer contains the VP4 and VP7 protein. The middle layer contains the VP6 protein and the inner layer contains the VP2 proteins. The different groups of Rotavirus are distinguished based on their VP6 gene. The VP6 gene contains channels which gives the virus the wheel with spikes appearanc...
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...ent of rotavirus consists of replacing the fluids lost during bowel movements. By rehydrating the body during infection, patients can avoid death caused by the virus. Studies have shown that certain probiotic strains can be used to shorten the duration of the diarrhea symptoms of the virus. In 2010, a probiotic strain, S boulardii, was used in a study and was proven to effectively shorten the duration of the rotavirus infection in young infants and children. Studies are being done constantly to further understand the B and C groups of the virus which have proven to have infected a small percentage of humans and swine around the world. Research attempts to cultivate the B and C groups of the rotavirus to allow the virus to be further analyzed. With developing research and independent studies, rotavirus will be treated by medicine and probiotics in the near future.
[1, 4, 5, 9, 13] There have been no documented cases where a human has contracted the disease from another human. [4] It appears, based on field and lab data, that infection requires direct contact with the virus through means such as contact with infective bodily secretions, urine, or tissues. [12] It is unknown to scientists how the virus can be maintained in the bat populations and avoids extinction as the host species becomes immune to its presence. [14] The incubation period from time of infection to the onset of symptoms is about 5-14 days in experimentally induced animals [4] and 8-14 days in natural field cases.
In 1989, Fogleman et al. analyzed the uncoating and penetration of Simian virus (SV 40). It uses the ganglioside...
Bloodborne pathogens are viruses that deteriorate cells within the body. A virus is a submicroscopic parasitic organism that feeds on cells. Viruses are dependent on cells for their nutrients so the virus survive and reproduce. Every virus consists of either deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA). A virus can contain a strand of one or the other, but not both. This RNA or DNA is contained within a protein shell for protection. A virus is a parasite that is dependent upon cells for metabolic and reproductive requirements. By using the cell the virus makes the host very ill by redirecting cellular activity to make more viruses.
Herpes Simplex is a common virus that causes infection in humans. This virus is spread in both humans and animals. However, humans are the primary reservoirs for HSV and are the only ones that experience any symptoms. There are two types of Herpes Simplex known as HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 primarily causes oral herpes while HSV-2 causes genital herpes.1 This virus is easily contracted and often during one’s childhood. Unfortunately, this virus is latent and reoccurs every so often, more so during times of stress. Herpes Simplex is a mild infection for most, however, this virus can lead to many serious complications.
The Latin name for measles is rubeola. The pathogen which causes the disease is a paramyxovirus, which is one of a group of RNA (ribonucleic acid) viruses. Measles is a respiratory disease caused by a virus, and also comes out in a rash. The virus enters the body via the respiratory system, and grows in the cells at the back of the throat and in the cells that line the lungs, from there it then enters the blood stream and circulates the body.
Norovirus, also known as the "Norwalk Virus", is a highly contagious food-related illness that got its name when it was first discovered in Norwalk, Ohio in 19721. It is said to be frequently found in cruise ships, daycares and nursing homes that hold large amounts of people in close proximity2.Causes of Norovirus include a cook or bartender serving food or drink without washing their hands properly, having direct or close contact with someone is infected (touching them and then touching the mouth or nose) and drinking an infected person's water or using their utensils1. The very first cause listed is something an individual may not be able to control, which is why norovirus is so common and contagious.
Polio is a viral disease. It cripples thousands of people and infects even more every year. Even though millions are inoculated, and the polio disease has been successfully purged from hundreds of countries still thousands of people and developing countries are infected and still people are dying. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) polio affects the Central Nervous System, or CNS; by infesting the intestines and transmitting it into the nerves thought the blood vessels. There the virus spreads through the nerve cells to the brain stem or other motor units, while forever damaging the nerves.
Tumpey, T. M. (2005). Characterization Of The Reconstructed 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic Virus. Science, 310(5745), 77-80.
The Ebola Haemorrahagic Fever, or Ebola for short, was first recognized as a virus in 1967. The first breakout that caused the Ebola virus to be recognized was in Zaire with 318 people infected and 280 killed. There are five subtypes of the Ebola virus, but only four of them affect humans. There are the Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan, Ebola-Ivory Coast and the Ebola-Bundibugyo. The fifth one, the Ebola-Reston, only affects nonhuman primates. The Ebola-Zaire was recognized on August 26, 1976 with a 44 year old schoolteacher as the first reported case. The Ebola-Sudan virus was also recognized in 1976 and was thought to be that same as Ebola-Zaire and it is thought to have broken out in a cotton factory in the Sudan. The Ebola-Ivory Coast was first discovered in 1994 in chimpanzees in the Tia Forest in Africa. On November 24, 2007, the Ebola-Bundibugyo branch was discovered with an approximate total of 116 people infected in the first outbreak and 39 deaths. The Ebola-Reston is the only one of the five subtypes to not affect humans, only nonhuman primates. It first broke out in Reston, Virginia in 1989 among crab eating macaques.
This disease was first diagnosed in 1918 and it was referred to as the “Spanish Flu” or “La Grippe.” To this day it is thought to of been the same strain as the swine influenza however it is still unclear. For this particular outbreak it’s not exactly know whether humans contracted the virus from pigs or vice versa. Either way between 20-40 million people died from it. The first confirmed case of H1N1 in the U.S. was diagnosed on April 15th, 2009. The CDC quickly began developing a vaccine due to the fact that it was declared a public health emergency about a week later by the government. It tu...
Marburg virus belongs to the genus Marburgvirus in the family Filoviridae, and causes a grave hemorrhagic fever, known as Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF), in twain humans and nonhuman primates. Basic Safety measures for medical personnel and others who are taking care of presumed individuals who may be contaminated with Marburg disease. Marburg Virus, Akin to the more widely known Ebola hemorrhagic fever, MHF is portrayed by systemic viral replication, lowering the body’s normal immune response to invasion by foreign substances and abnormal inflammatory responses. Ebola and Marburg Virus are very similar in many ways Marburg virus was introduced first in the 1960’s. These pathological features of the disease subsidize to a numerous of systemic dysfunctions including
Although food borne outbreaks are sometimes seen with rotavirus and astrovirus, these viruses typically affect children as opposed to adults. The viruses at the highest risk for food borne transmission are norovirus and hepatitis A virus. The reasons may be due to their extreme stability in the environment and their highly infectious nature (Koopmans et al., 2002).
The DENV envelope protein E, which is found on the virus surface, has a role as a mediating factor in the initial attachment of the virus to the host cell. Further, several cellular proteins and carbohydrate molecules that act as attachment factors interacting with the viral envelope protein E have been identified. These factors allow the virus population to concentrate on the cell surface thus increasing their chance of access to their target cellular receptor(s). Some of these known molecules that interact with the vi...
With this information, of which is all theoretically possible, we now have a zombie that passes the principles of a zombie.The medical science involved has now proven that zombies are possible.Have fun and do not create this unless you want to be responsible for the mass genocide of the human race.
Avian Influenza is also known as the bird flu. The deadly form was first discovered in Italy in 1878. It is a Type A virus that occurs among wild aquatic birds and can infest domestic poultry and other birds and animal species. Although the virus does not normally infect human beings, there have been rare cases where humans have been infected with the virus. The disease is spread by contact with an infected bird’s feces, or secretion from its nose, mouth, or eyes. (Commission)