Introduction Rhamnus cathartica L., otherwise known as common buckthorn, is a small shrub native to Europe and Asia that was introduced to North America in the 1800’s (Mascaro and Schnitzer 2007). R. cathartica is a deciduous, branched shrub that grows to heights of two to eight meters. Each shrub produces small, black berries containing seeds and bears up to 2000 fruit per tree (Archibold et al. 1997). The seeds are dispersed by fauna, mainly birds, which largely contributes to its accelerated invasion of fields, roadsides, and residential areas across North America (Archibold et al. 1997). With the invasion of R. cathartica comes the displacement of native species, the changes in the structure and function of ecosystems, and the loss of biodiversity …show more content…
cathartica, however many of these efforts have failed to mitigate growth and ultimately eradicate the species. In New England, a method that was implemented involved the introduction of sheep to consume R. cathartica (Milleken 2004). It was discovered that the sheep would readily browse on foliage, but avoid the stems, the trunk, and the roots in the ground (Mascaro and Schnitzer 2007). In Saskatchewan, an alternate method involving the spraying of the chemical, Garlon 4, onto the shrub, was used. This extremely costly solution did not eliminate R. cathartica, nor did it prevent seed production. Additionally, Garlon 4 weakened the native species surroundings the shrub and altered soil properties (River and Leach …show more content…
This system would emit two stimuli that would repel birds from entering a specific area and guide them to an alternate location for nesting (Solman 1973). Mott and Timbrook (1988) examined the effect of an acoustic system sending these two signals on Canada geese and discovered that over 70% of the geese did not enter the area of research. The effectiveness of an acoustic system has also been examined by Cook et al. (2008) by performing an experiment on the presence of gulls at landfill sites. It has been discovered that various distress and alarm calls are the most effective method of deterring the birds from entering the area, after lethal methods (Cook et al. 2008). Additionally, many airports in Canada use a sound broadcast system, the Phoenix Wailer System, which emits a variety of sounds audible to birds and uses this system as a bird deterrent (Davis 1998). The Phoenix Wailer system consists of two low frequency speakers and four high frequency speakers with adjustable duration, speaker location, and source level (Davis 1998). The biological basis behind this system relies on the avoidance of locations with predators for survival (Bomford 1990). As the population of birds decreases, the removal of R. cathartica could proceed immediately. The implementation of a sound-emitting system is
Williams, A. B. (1936). The composition and dynamics of a beech-maple climax community. Ecological monographs, 6(3), 317-408.
...cials to ban or greatly curtail vehicular and sometimes pedestrian traffic on parts of beaches where Plovers are nesting. Fire Island National Seashore has been identified as one of six crucial Plover nesting sites. In some cases beach officials have had to ban kite flying from nest areas because the Plover mistakes the kites for a predator. While the kite is in the air the birds will not leave the nest for food, subsequently plovers have starved to death. The plover is just one example of how beach officials have to balance the recreational and ecological resources of the barrier beach (Appleton & Sharp 35-38).
Wilson, C. W., Masters, R. E., and Bukenhofer, G. A. 1995. Breeding bird response to pine-grassland community restoration for Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. Journal of Wildlife Management. 59(1):56-67.
Hatshepsut was born in the 15th century in Egypt and was the first great woman in recorded history. Hatshepsut was the daughter of Thutmose I and queen Ahmes. She had two brothers and a half brother. Unfortunately, Hatshepsut’s full brothers died while they were still young children and so she became sort of an only child.
Tropicalia is not only know as a form of music in Brazil but as a rebellion. Its theme of cultural non conformity was strengthened by the idea that Brazil had lost its way. Tropicalia took a stand against the social and musical hierarchy of Brazil. Though mainly known as a form of Brazilian pop music Tropicalia is deeply rooted in the political and cultural background of Brazil.
Timmons, J. B., Alldredge, B., Rogers, W. E., & Cathey, J. C. (2012). Feral hogs negatively affect native plant communities. Informally published manuscript, Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Texas A&M , College Station, TX, Retrieved from http://feralhogs.tamu.edu/files/2010/04/feral-hogs-native-plants.pdf
Cavendish, M. (2011). North American Wildlife. (p. 109). New York: Marshall Cavendish Reference. DOI: www.marshallcavendish.us
He was only 7 years old and was a troublemaker by drinking, chewing tobacco and taunting police, when Ruth’s Family decided he needed more discipline. His family sent him to a Catholic orphanage and reformatory for boys for 12 years. A monk named Brother Matthias, who was a father figure to Ruth, introduced him to baseball and after playing one game, he excelled. By 15 years of age, Ruth became skillful and strong in the game by the minute. One day, Ruth had his luck made by Jack Dunn owner of minor league Baltimore Orioles. Babe Ruth is hero due to displaying the heroic traits of talented and devotion.
Time and time again it has been seen that human interaction with his/her environment and it’s ecosystems has shown to be increasingly arrogant and self-serving. These endless accounts are proven by the amount of important biological diversity that is being lost to the surrounding environment due to these threats of human development and population growth. There are two forms of these losses of diversity by human hand: direct and indirect. Direct losses would be the destruction of an area needed for human requirements be it social or economical. Examples of these losses would be housing, agriculture, and others. Indirect losses would be those caused by the destruction of an area also needed for the same requirements but the area’s commodities which are valued, water, food, land in general, is needed elsewhere. These losses are few in number compared with those of direct losses yet they are of the greatest importance. They are important because they involve the removal of resources of an area in which other inhabitants are dependent upon. A great example of this regrettable indirect expansion is the loss of the rich habitat of the area known as Owens Valley.
In the last decade, from the Rockies to New England and the Deep South, rural and suburban areas have been beset by white-tailed deer gnawing shrubbery and crops, spreading disease and causing hundreds of thousands of auto wrecks. But the deer problem has proved even more profound, biologists say. Fast-multiplying herds are altering the ecology of forests, stripping them of native vegetation and eliminating niches for other wildlife. ' 'I don 't want to paint deer as Eastern devils, ' ' said Dr. McShea, a wildlife biologist associated with the National Zoo in Washington, ' 'but this is indicative of what happens when an ecosystem is out of whack. ' ' The damage is worse than anyone expected, he and other scientists say. Higher deer densities have affected growth, survival, and reproduction of many plant species which have aesthetic, economic or ecological value. In some cases, many species of trees have also been shown to have reduced growth as a result of high deer density (Environmental Benefits of Hunting, 1). Deer prefer certain plant species over others and frequently feed on economically valuable tree species. For example, they prefer oak and sugar maple seedlings, as well as acorns, over less palatable species like American Beech and striped maple. Thus, less marketable species are more likely to survive to maturity,
[1] “Mixedwood Plains.” Canadian Ecozones. Toronto: n.p., n.d. N. pag. TDSB Online Library School Sites. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. .
The Western forests are drastically different from what they were like before the European settlement. In pre-European time, the forests were open and park-like with only 25-35 trees per acre surrounded by areas of open grasslands. One could easily ride a horse through the spacious forest. This, however, is not possible in today's forests. Today, for example the Ponderosa pine forests, have over 500 trees per acre, creating thick dense areas of trees, brush, and bushes (President Bush, 4). The pre-European forests were subject to frequent low inte...
One particularly warm evening last summer, I walked into my backyard to relax and enjoy some fresh air. Instead, I was greeted by the loud shriek of a chicken. We had an uninvited guest in our vegetable garden. Unfortunately, such chicken invasions are a common occurrence in many areas of Stockton, California. Throughout the United States, municipalities small and large are debating whether or not they should enact residential livestock ordinances, specifically in regards to poultry. Considering that they are often a public nuisance and pose a health risk, local officials should consider restricting the private ownership of chickens in heavily populated urban areas.
Phoenix Bird Control: Wildlife Management Consultants, Wildlife Control Training. (n.d.). Airport International > News, Information and Suppliers . Retrieved March 23, 2011, from http://www.airport-int.com/suppliers/phoenix-bird-control.html
Thesis: Forests provide the earth with a regulated climate, strong biodiversity, and good nutrient rich soil for plants to strive on.