Respect for Persons,Beneficence, and Justice
In July of 1974 The National Research Act was signed into law. Through this act, The Belmont Report was developed over 4 year period of time that included an intense four day conference followed by monthly meetings until it was completed in April of 1979. The Belmont Report sets out to define the ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. The report was established prior to Barney Clark and the artificial heart and therefore was the guidelines that the doctors and researchers had to follow. The report highlights three essential ethical elements that are pertinent in human research and their applications. It was the professional responsibility of the doctors and researchers involved to abide by previously established ethical guidelines.
Respect for Persons
Respect for the Persons as it relates to the Barney Clark case can be broken down into three important issues.
Autonomy
The doctors made the assumption that Barney Clark was a fully autonomous person at the time of the artificial heart experiment. In general it is not in doubt that Mr. Clark was an autonomous being, however his terminal condition could have affected his capacity with in the case. While he might have been autonomous in many areas of his life the issue that is relevant to the case was whether he possessed the capacity to make an informed consent.
Informed Consent
The nine basic rules4 for an informed consent are
1. Identifying the appropriate decision maker
2. Having the discussion at a time when the patient is not distracted or in great pain.
3. Determine that the patient is communicating voluntarily
4. Disclose
a. Nature of the proposed intervention
b. The purpose
c. The risks and consequences
d. The benefits
e. The probability that the intervention would be successful
f. The feasible alternatives
g. The prognosis is the intervention/therapy is not given
5. Offer a recommendation
6.
5. Rediker, Marcus. 2004. Villains of all nations: Atlantic pirates in the golden age. London [u.a.]: Verso.
Throughout the film there are parts of historical piracy that are shown. In the start of the film, pirate Hector Barbossa is shown as a new privateer for the English. It is revealed that Captain Barbossa is not sailing the seas for the King, but instead
During the process of research, professionals collect data or identifiable private information through intervention or interaction. While this is a vital part of the scientific and medical fields, every precaution must be taken by researchers to protect the participants' rights. Ethics, outlined by the Belmont report; requirements, described by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS); and regulations, laid out by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are verified by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). This procedure assures that all human rights are safeguarded during the entire research process.
Ruthless robbers: - They were very cruel and killed their victims. They just wanted to steal. They killed as much as they could and left no witnesses.
In the United States, the basis for ethical protection for human research subjects in clinical research trials are outlined by the Belmont Report developed in the late 1970’s. This document, published by the Nation Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, highlights three important basic principles that are to be considered when any clinical trial will involve human research subjects. They are; respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. (Chadwick & Gunn, 2004)
Ingram, David, and Jennifer A. Parks. "Biomedical Ethics." The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding Ethics. Indianapolis, IN: Alpha, 2002. N. pag. Print.
As of today, Gallaudet college separates itself as one of the only higher education institutions that is focused on accommodating the deaf and hard of hearing. All of the programs and services at the school are specifically designed for these students.
Morality ivolves distinguishing which human behaviors are right or wrong and good or bad. Morality covers topics such as harm, rights and justice, and therefore it is mainly concerned with protecting every idividual. There has been a culture of war between liberals and conservatives all based upon human morality aspects (Haidt & Graham, 2007, p. 1). Cultural war can be termed as the division in personal opinions and thoughts between open-minded people or liberals and the conventional or traditionalists, also known as conservatives.
1. Capp, Marshall B. "Ethical and Legal Issues in Research Involving Human Subjects: Do You Want a Piece of Me? -- Kapp 59 (4): 335 -- Journal of Clinical Pathology." BMJ Journals. J Clin Pathol, 18 Jan. 2006. Web. 11 Feb. 2012.
Piracy today cannot be related to that of international law consent, because pirates do not act on behalf of their governments, this has long ended and the act of privateering was replaced with the navy.
The Golden Age of Piracy began around 1650, and ended around 1730. Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence at sea, but can include acts committed on land, in the air, or in other major bodies of water or on a shore. It does not normally include crimes committed against persons traveling on the same vessel as the criminal. The term has been used throughout history to refer to raids across land borders by non-state agents. A pirate is one who commits robberies at sea, usually without being allotted to do so by any particular nation. The usual crime for piracy can include being hung, or publically executed. Some of the most famous pirates who were killed either because of piracy, or because of natural causes, are Barbarossa, Stede Bonnet, Anne Bonney, Sir Francis Drake, Captain Greaves, William Kidd, Jean Laffite, Sir Henry Morgan, Mary Read, and Giovanni da Verrazano.
20 Feb. 2014. Nardo, Don. A. Biomedical Ethics.
During the 19th century the study of fingerprints had emerged. The past few centuries we have had numerous developments in fingerprinting. A lot of people give this credit to Francis Galton, who conducted the first study of fingerprint patterns. Galton’s research showed that no two fingerprints are identical; his theory on fingerprints changed the world and the criminal justice system as a whole. Galton studied numerous fingerprints and came to the conclusion that not even identical twins will have the same fingerprints. This finding helped build the justice system and forensic science as we all once knew it. According to Galton fingerprint impressions fall into three different categories, they are loop, arch, and whorl. Another fingerprint known as latent print is a fingerprint that is formed by sweat. This type of fingerprint is not visible to the naked eye; usually a gray or black powder is used to pick up latent prints. Now that we know the three basic categories of fingerprinting, we must take a better look at how fingerprints are identified. Once we understand how they’re identified to others, we will look at some of the landmark cases that helped DNA become what it is today.
The concept of piracy dates back to ancient times. Initially small water ways were used for fast travel and trade, enabling an empire to trade and further expand its boundaries to new territories. As time progressed and scientific discoveries grew, naval advancements emerged and facilitated a new way to explore, travel, and discover. As ships became more regularly used, people of the world no longer were confined to land, they were able to move freely to areas that were once unobtainable. Advancements in diplomacy and trade grew extensively, but counter ideals involving raiding, murdering, and theft soon melded the navel techniques and branded a new idea which involved malevolent activity upon the water.
Finger print detection is a really good way to find criminals. Finger prints are excellent on finding the exact criminal because no two fingerprints are exactly the same(Source #1, 1982-Galton, sentence 3) . So once you match the fingerprint with one person then thats the criminal or whoever you are looking for. All you have to do is take advantage of the friction ridge patterns