Diverticulosis is a very common digestive disease. It occurs when pouches or small sacs begin to form in the wall of the colon but without causing any complications or problems. “It is estimated that approximately twenty percent of all patients that develop diverticula, will have either inflammatory or bleeding episodes (Floch, 2004).” Diverticulitis on the other hand is when bacteria start to actually grow in one or a few of those small pouches called “Diverticula”, causing it to get inflammed and infected in the digestive tract. Studies have shown that divirticula can form all througout the colon however; the sigmoid colon which is the curved part of the large intestine closest to the rectum, is known for the most popular site for the diverticula …show more content…
“The intraluminal pressure exerted on the wall causes a diverticular outpocketing at any one of the three areas in which vessels enter the wall (Floch, 2004).” Martin Floch; a student from Yale University School of Medicine believes that fiber deficiency causes a decrease in colon immune responce and also permits a low-grade chronic inflammatory process in which results in a case of acute diverticulitis. Although it is hoped that this will finally be the confirmed cause of this digestive disease, the clinical findings of this trial varies. Besides these two main factors that are believed to cause diverticulitis, there are also a lot of other risk factors for diverticular disease. Some of those factors include age and gender, immune status, alcohol consumption, smoking, obesity, lack of physical excercise and use of nonsteriodal anti-inflamatory drugs (American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons/University of Maryland Medical …show more content…
Although diverticula has been found throughout the colon before, studies show that it more common area is with in the sigmoid colon area. This surgery that experts perform is called a Colon Resection, also known as a “Partial Colectomy”. This procedure can be done with laparoscopic techniques or traditional open techniques. “The main benefits of laparoscopic surgery are a smaller incision size and a quicker recovery” (American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons). It is most likely done when an abcess occurs, which is a pocket of pus that results from a rupture of an inflammed diverticulum, and “percutaneous drainage” was not successful. This procedure is physcially done by the drain getting placed through the derm, into the abscess with the help of an imaging technique (ultrasound/CT scan). “Diverticular bleeding”, is when an abrupt hemorrhage from a blood vessel in the diverticula occurs. It is not necessary for the entire colon that contains divercula to be removed, only the area of diverticula that is infected and
Clostridium difficile, otherwise known as C. diff, is a species of spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria that is known to cause watery diarrhea. 1 The genus name, Clostridium refers to the spindle shape of the organism while Difficile means difficult in Latin due to the fact that this organism thrives in unfavorable conditions and is very difficult to isolate.4 The incidence of getting CDI has increased over the years due to new strains of increased toxin production of the bacteria and increased resistance to antibiotics.2 It is a gastrointestinal infection, and the most common cause of infectious diarrhea.1 C. difficile was first identified in the feces of healthy newborns back in the 1930’s and by 1935, it was considered normal flora. 2 During 1974, researchers conducted that about 21% of patients that were treated with an antibiotic called clindamyacin reported diarrhea and about 10% of them reported to have conducted pseudomembranous colitis as a side effect of this treatment. 2 It was in 1978 where C. diff had been known to cause anti-biotic associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. 2 It is known to form spores that resist many disinfectants; it also survives for several months on different surfaces.1 It is a common form of a nosocomial infection and the prevalence of becoming infected with C. diff is about 0-15% in a health care setting. 3 The spores survive well in environments such as soil, water and animals and is distributed worldwide. 4 CDI produces two toxins (Toxin A and B), which are cytotoxic and cause tissue necrosis.4
Meckel’s diverticulum is a common congenital anomaly of the small intestine occurring in up to 3% of the population, typically 55 cm from the ileocecal valve. Surgical resection is indicated for complicated Meckel’s diverticulum (MD). Most reported
The guidelines’ first focus is the definition of sepsis, which makes sense, because there is no way to effectively treat sepsis without an accurate and categorical definition of the term. The guidelines define sepsis as “the presence (probable or documented) of infection together with systemic manifestations of infection”. Such systemic manifestations can include fever, tachypnea, AMS, WBC >12k, among others; these manifestations are listed in full in Table 1 of the guidelines. The definition for severe sepsis builds on to the definition of sepsis, bringing organ dysfunction and tissue hypoperfusion (oliguria, hypotension, elevated lactate) into the picture; full diagnostic criteria is listed in Table 2. The guidelines recommend that all
Often patients encompassing with Clostridium difficile have no symptoms or they may express symptoms of mild diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, and inflammation of the colon causing pain (Mitchell, 2014). Clostridium difficile is a bacterial infection of the intestine and it may occur in patients who are immunocompromised or taking broad-spectrum antibiotics. Walter (2014) explains that the most important risk factor for CDI continues to be recent administration of antibiotics. The infection occurs from depression of the normal flora of the bowel through the administration of antibiotics. The depression of the normal flora increases the number of C. difficile bacteria within the intestines. The overgrowth of C. difficile causes diarrhea. Abdominal cramps, fever, and leukocytosis are noted in most patients. Symptoms usually begin 4 to 10 days after the initiation of antibiotic therapy (Elsevier,
According to the article The mechanism and efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea there is a great concern about increasing incidence of C. difficile infection due to use of broad spectrum antibiotics. Clindamycin, third generation of cephalosporins and flouroquinolones are considered high risk antibiotics. It is believed that normal gastrointestinal flora has potential effect in inhibition C.difficile growth and toxin A,B release which offen associated with sever diarrhea resulting in patient’s mortality and other comorbidities. After first episode, there is a high chance for relapses due to reduction serum IgG antibodies to toxin A and colonic IgA secretion cells.
IBS is a functional GI disorder, meaning it cannot be explained by any specific structural or biochemical abnormality. The disorder is subdivided into three different types, which are named on the basis of the predominant symptom – IBS-D (diarrhea-predominant), IBS-C (constipation-predominant), IBS-M (mixed diarrhea and constipation). Clinical presentation varies considerably with regard to the quality of the predominant feature and the overall severity of symptoms. Formal diagnosis is based on the most recent Rome III criteria, which require that a patient experience recurrent abdominal discomfort of at least 3 days per month over the previous 3 months, with a total symptom duration of at least 6 months, in...
The disease occurs when pouches in the large intestine become infected and inflamed, Symptoms may include but not limited to severe abdominal pain often in the lower left side of the abdomen, constipation, diarrhea, nausea and fever.
...stive tract. Surgery becomes an option when the medication does not control the symptoms anymore and become ineffective. The procedure includes removal of the affected areas of the bowel and then joining the two ends of the healthy parts together. Sadly while this procedure may cause the symptoms to disappear for many years, they will eventually reoccur later on in life.
Is fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) effective treatment for patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC). UC is a chronic inflammation of the large intestine. FMT is used to describe the delivery of a healthy donors stool into a patient via enema, colonoscope, or nasogastric tube. In the past several years FMT has been used for an alternative treatment with patients diagnosed with Clostridium difficile (CD). The purpose of this paper is to discuss if FMT is just as effective in treating UC over just medication. The articles below will give insight if this theory is true or not.
Education of the patient will begin. Depending on the size of the abscess and how extensive the procedure was the patient may need a relative or friend to drive them back home. Not only would the patient need a ride back home, they may need to be watched for 24 hours. As part of pain management pain medication may be given to the patient to decrease pain. Antibiotics may be given to fight or prevent infection caused by the bacteria. The patient will also need to list all medications that they are taking so there will not be any contraindications with the medications that the patient is given. Advise the patient that more than one follow-up appointment will be necessary in order to properly treat the wound. Before the end of the appointment, the medical assistant should give the patient written instructions along with an emergency number and the number to the practice incase the patient has any questions or concerns. Advise the patient to return to the practice if they experience any fever, chills, or the abscess returns. If red streaks appear around the wound tell the patient to call the emergency department immediately. After the the procedure and patient education has been completed, make sure all the step of the procedure has been documented in the patient’s record and all follow-up procedures have been
C. difficile infection (CDI) is a dangerous healthcare-associated infection as well as a growing burden, especially with the appearance of more potent strains in the early 2000s. Clostridium difficile was initially identified as possessing the ability to initiate pseudomembranous colitis in the late 1970s. Asymptomatic colonization in healthy adults has been detected in only 3% of individuals, whereas the pervasiveness of such colonization among patients in long-term-care facilities is approximately 50%. People colonized with C. difficile act as a reservoir of contamination by infecting the environment with C. difficile spores, consequently leading to an increase of the pathogen on the hand...
A urinary tract infection is a very common infection that can happen to anybody. A urinary tract infection usually occurs when bacteria enters the urethra and multiples in the urinary system. The Urinary tract includes the kidneys, the thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder (ureters), and the main tube that carries the urine from the bladder (urethra). Women, men, and children are all immune to this infection. Women have the highest chances of getting it. In the Urinary tract, the main links of the ureters help get rid of any bacteria that tries to enter the urine, and the bladder helps prevent urine from backing up into the kidneys.
Cystitis cause by bacterial infection is generally treated with antibiotics. Treatment for noninfectious cystitis depends on the underlying cause.
...treatment, surgery may be required, commonly in cases of intestinal hemorrhage. In very rare cases, where the antibiotics do not eradicate the disease, surgical removal of the gallbladder may be required. Although rare, the Cholecystectomy may not always be effective in eradicating the disease, due to it’s persisting hepatic infection state.