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What causes high blood pressure essay
Primary& secondary hypertension
Hypertensive heart disease
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Blood pressure can be a confusing topic to those who do not study the subject. Renee’s blood pressure is 158/97. The top number, 158 is the systolic pressure. Systolic pressure is the highest blood arterial pressure reached during ejection of blood from the heart. The bottom number, 97 is the diastolic pressure (Haiken, M., 2010). Diastolic pressure is the lowest arterial pressure when the ventricles are relaxed. A healthy blood pressure is 120/58 indicating that Renee has elevated blood pressure (How to Understand Blood Pressure Readings, 2016) Hypertension is defined as having an abnormally high blood pressure over 140/90. There are two primary types of hypertension. Essential hypertension is diagnosed after a doctor notices elevated blood …show more content…
Renee’s hypertension could also be genetics as she is only 32 years old and age would not be a factor. On the other hand, for secondary hypertension, a cause can be found. Secondary hypertension is an abnormality in the arteries supplying blood to the kidneys. Secondary hypertensions can be caused by airway obstruction during sleep, diseases, and tumors of the adrenal glands, hormone abnormalities, thyroid disease, and high intake of salt or alcohol (Different Types of Hypertension, 2009, para.3). If Renee has secondary hypertension, these could be the causes. Isolated systolic hypertension occurs when the systolic pressure rises over 140. This kind of hypertension is mostly seen in the elderly, caused by the loss of elasticity in the arteries. This hypertension is more critical that diastolic pressure as it links to cardiovascular disease (Different Types of Hypertension, 2009, para.5). Malignant hypertension is very rare, however, is more common in younger adults, African-American men, and women who have pregnancy toxemia. This type of hypertension occurs when there is a sudden rise in blood pressure. Malignant …show more content…
These results can abrupt the flow of blood to the kidneys. This is problematic due to the fact that nephrons in the kidneys will not be able to receive the necessary amount of oxygen and nutrients (How High Blood Pressure Can Lead to Kidney Damage or Failure. n.d. para. 1). This results in the kidneys failing to filter wastes, blood, and regulate hormones, acid, and salts. Hypertension can cause kidney disease which can lead to kidney failure. Some symptoms of kidney disease are the continuous elevation of blood pressure, decrease or difficulty urinating, edema, and a need to urinate frequently (How High Blood Pressure Can Lead to Kidney Damage or Failure. n.d.). Hypertension can also cause an aneurysm, which is a section of a weak artery that has enlarged and formed a bulge (High blood pressure dangers, n.d.). This can be threatening if an aneurysm ruptures and causes internal bleeding. High blood pressure can affect your whole body as your blood vessels carry all your blood throughout your whole body. Hypertension can cause coronary heart disease, enlarged left heart, heart failure, Transient ischemic attack, stroke, dementia, mild cognitive impairment, eye blood vessel damage, and nerve damage (High blood pressure dangers, n.d.). An enlarged left heart can occur due to the high blood pressure which forces your heart to pump hard at
How does this history of high blood pressure demonstrate the problem description and etiology components of the P.E.R.I.E. process? What different types of studies were used to establish etiology or contributory cause?
High Blood Pressure is anything that alters in peripheral vascular resistance, heart rate, or stroke volume that affects systematic arterial blood pressure. Long term effect of high blood pressure are serious and can cause heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, and retinal damage. Hypertension is another medical word that substitutes the meaning of high blood pressure. It is known as the “silent killer” because it does not create any symptoms. The most common reason for high blood pressure is arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, occurring in old age. Four control systems have a job in maintaining blood pressure. These are the arterial baroreceptor and chemoreceptors’ system, regulation of body fluid volume, the renin- angiotensin system, and vascular autoregulation. Primary hypertension mostly occurs from a defect or malfunction in some or all of these
Vicki is a 42 year-old African American woman who was recently diagnosed with hypertension. Hypertension, also know as high blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the arteries as it flows through them. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry the oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body’s tissues.
This only keeps the blood moving for a short while. The heart muscle walls weaken and are unable to pump as strongly. This makes the kidneys respond by causing the body to retain fluid and sodium. When the body builds up fluids, it becomes congested. Many conditions can cause heart failure, and they include coronary artery disease, heart attack, cardiomyopathy, and conditions that overwork the heart.
Blood pressure is a measurement of the force against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood through your body. Hypertension is another term used to describe high blood pressure. This common condition increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, two leading causes of death for Americans. High blood pressure contributed to more than 362,895 deaths in the United States during 2010. Approximately 67 million persons in the United States have high blood pressure, and only half of those have their condition under control. An estimated 46,000 deaths could be avoided annually if 70% of patients with high blood pressure were treated according to published guidelines (Patel, Datu, Roman, Barton, Ritchey, Wall, Loustalot; 2014).
Systolic blood pressure is 120/80 the diastolic blood pressure within normal range. Any blood pressure above 139/89 is pre-hypertension. Stage one hypertension is between 140-159 or 90-99, Stage two 160-179 or 100-109 diastolic and Stage three 180 above diastolic110. (Lewis, S.M, Heitkemper M.M &Dirksen, S.R 2004) pg 779.
Hypertension is considered a “silent killer” as it may not exhibit obvious signs and symptoms while it is slowly damaging the organs or causing several illnesses, such as damage to the renal arteries (renal artery stenosis), stroke, retinopathy, cardiac arrthymias, coronary artery disease and heart failure.
Blood pressure, like a person's heart rate, will vary occasionally with exercise or stress. For people over age 18, an optimal blood pressure reading is considered 120/80 or lower. A blood pressure reading consistently higher than 120/80 is considered "pre-hypertension." High blood pressure or “stage one hypertension” is a measurement of 140/90 or higher. People who have high blood pressure have one and a half times the risk of having a stroke compared to those who consistently have optimal blood pressure of 120/80. Anyone who has had a previous heart attack, stroke, is diabetic, has kidney disease, high cholesterol or is overweight should speak with a doctor about aggressively controlling and lowering blood pressure. Maintaining a blood pressure reading below 140/90 may reduce the risk of further complications.
Mrs. Andrews hypertension is mild at 146/96 which leads to the recommendation of lifestyle modification opposed to pharmacological treatment. In a study led by the American Heart Association, “lifestyle interventions received class I recommendations (Mosca et al., 2004, p. 675)” to prevent major cardiovascular issues in women. There are several useful tools and programs available to assist patients making lifestyle changes. A couple of examples of programs are the WISEWOMAN and Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC). WISEWOMAN is a “program funded by the CDC that provides low income uninsured women (40-64) with chronic disease risk factor screening, lifestyle modification interventions, and referral services to prevent CAD (Schroetter & Peck, 2008, p. 109).” TLC is “an effective lifestyle therapy recommended by the American Diabetes Association, the American Heart Association, and the Obesity Society ("Can TLC ...
There are generally two categories of hypertension, primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. The causes of primary hypertension are usually unknown and it develops gradually over the years. As for secondary hypertension, the causes are mainly underlying other health problems and it develops in a sudden of time. (The Healthline Editorial Team 2013) First of all, hypertension can be related to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Renin is an enzyme secreted mainly via the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney when the sodium retention and water retention are reduced in the blood. (Beevers, Lip, and O'Brien 2001) Renin will bind to a substrate which is angiotensinogen and form angiotensin I which is an inactive peptide. (Foëx and Sear 2004) After that, angiotensin I will be rapidly converted to an active peptide angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in lungs. As a result, vasoconstriction occurs due to presence of angiotensin II and this increases the blood pressure. Moreover, angiotensin II can stimulate the releasing of aldosterone by adrenal glands. Secretion of aldosterone raises the blood pressure by reabsorbing sodium salts and water to increase sodium and water retentions. (Beevers, Lip, and O'Brien 2001)
Healthy kidneys clean the blood by filtering out extra water and wastes. They also make hormones that keep your bones strong and blood healthy. When both of your kidneys fail, your body holds fluid. Your blood pressure rises. Harmful wastes build up in your body. Your body doesn't make enough red blood cells. When this happens, you need treatment to replace the work of your failed kidneys.
High blood pressure (hypertension) is a major health condition which affects many Americans. This health condition may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. A normal blood pressure consists of systolic blood pressure divided by diastolic blood pressure, 120/80mmHg (millimeters of mercury). High blood pressure is defined as systolic pressure which is greater than 140mm Hg, and diastolic pressure which is over 90mm Hg. Hypertension influences the health outcomes of black Americans more than other races in the United States. Racial discrimination and socioeconomic status are two major factors which influence the rate of high blood pressure in the black American population.
Dr. Ally, a 49-year-old professor, has been diagnosed with essential hypertension 12 years ago and was on antihypertensive drugs. However, he did not take his medications last year because he was feeling just fine. In addition, he was very busy with work. Nevertheless, he felt tired after work and developed dyspnea while climbing the stairs. Recently, he had a bout of epistaxis (severe nose bleed) with dizziness and blurred vision. He went to the doctor for a check up. His blood pressure was 180/110, and the doctor found rales or crackles on his chest upon auscultation. The doctor ordered rest and asked him to start his medication again.
Blood pressure is measured by two pressures; the systolic and diastolic. The systolic pressure, the top number, is the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts. The diastolic pressure, the bottom number, measures the pressure between heartbeats. A normal blood pressure is when the systolic pressure is less than 120mmHg and Diastolic pressure is less than 80mmHg. Hypertension is diagnosed when the systolic pressure is greater than 140mmHg and the diastolic pressure is greater than 90mmHg. The physician may also ask about medical history, family history, life style habits, and medication use that could also contribute to hypertension
Blood Pressure: Blood Pressure is the force at which blood pushes against the blood vessels. The blood pressure of women can be below, normal or above normal. When the level is below or above normal, 120/80, it poses a number of health risks. Women between ages 18- 65 years and above require a blood pressure test every two years if blood pressure is 120/80. Any blood pressure between 120/80 and 139/89 will require your medical doctor to require blood pressure test once a year. Above this level, the doctor will request for