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Introduction of gray wolves into yellowstone
Introduction of gray wolves into yellowstone
Introduction of gray wolves into yellowstone
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In this research paper, I will address the changes that occurred within the ecosystem of Yellowstone National Park since the reintroduction of the grey wolves. The paper will consist of four sections; the first section will include the history behind the extirpation and subsequent reintroduction of the gray wolf in Northern America. The second section will explore the political controversy that surrounds the reintroduction of the gray wolf in Yellowstone. The third section will contain discuss the gray wolf and its impact on the ecosystem of Yellowstone. I will conclude my essay by explaining how the gray wolves act as climate change buffers in Yellowstone amidst global warming. The history behind the extirpation of the grey wolf in the United States dates back to the very first European settlers that colonized eastern North America in the late 16th century. The killing of gray wolves was done primarily out of fear in an attempt to protect livestock, and, in some cases, to protect human life within the colonies. As more settlers expanded West, the practice of killing wolves was considerably increased to protect livestock that included cows, pigs, and chickens. As waves of European settlers expanded westward, they began to deplete the deer, moose, and elk populations. The gray wolves food source continual depletion gave rise to wolf populations actively targeting the settler’s livestock, causing great financial loss. The fiscal loss of livestock became such an issue to wealthy ranchers and settlers that they began to offer cash rewards for wolf pelts. This practice gave birth to a lucrative cottage industry of professional hunters and trappers. As the wolves began to move further West, and into Wyoming, they began to diminish the elk and moose population. To respond to this threat, Congress approved funding in 1914, to eliminate the native gray wolves from
Gray Wolf Optimization Gray wolf optimization is presented in the following subsections based on the work in [13]. 1) Inspiration: Grey wolves are considered as apex predators, meaning that they are at the top of the food chain. Grey wolves mostly prefer to live in a pack. The group size is 512 on average. They have a very strict social dominant hierarchy.
Robbins, Jim. Last Refuge: The Environmental Showdown in Yellowstone and the American West. New York: Morrow, 1993. Print.
1914 began the official war of the wolves. This year Congress officially approves funds for the eradication of wolves, cougars, and other destructive animals. Wolves were declared destructive to agricultural and big game interests and formally hunted. Nearly a century later, in 1995, wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park and Idaho's Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness(Phillips, 1996, p.20). The reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park did not end the debate of whether wolves should stay or go. Advocates for wolf reintroduction say the wolves control elk and deer population numbers; preventing the destruction of ranchers cattle and the land. Opponents say the wolves kill elk and deer that could be hunted. Ranchers fear the wolves will kill their livestock decreasing profits.
Part of the problem with the wolves now found in the Idaho wilderness is the fact that they are not native to Idaho, as the indigenous populations had all been nearly wiped out. These wolves are from Canada, and are much larger and stronger than those native to the state. Not only that, but the ...
Hypotheses of the Effects of Wolf Predation Abstract: This paper discusses four hypotheses to explain the effects of wolf predation on prey populations of large ungulates. The four proposed hypotheses examined are the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis. There is much research literature that discusses how these hypotheses can be used to interpret various data sets obtained from field studies. It was concluded that the predation limiting hypothesis fit most study cases, but that more research is necessary to account for multiple predator - multiple prey relationships. The effects of predation can have an enormous impact on the ecological organization and structure of communities.
Wolves were once also native from Iowa. They remain on the endangered species list because of their low numbers. We have records saying that the last wolf that lived here was all that way back in 1925. There has only been one wolf seen since then and it was shot all the way down in Buchanan County. That was the first wolf seen and killed since 1925 that we have on record. The wolves are no longer here because in the 1900’s people were killing them off for their pelts that they used for currency or trade. We also killed them because people were very scared of them because they were mean and they usually run in numbers, known as “Packs”. There’s also a little creature from Iowa. The river otter once was full in this river. They weren’t just killed off here it was large parts of central and western part of The United States. That took place during the Mid-twentieth century. The otter’s were abundant during the European settlement. We killed them off again only for their pelts. After about 1890 in iowa they only existed on the mississippi river of
In the article “The New Threat to Wolves in and Around Yellowstone” written by Jim Robbins, the gray wolf has made a healthy comeback. There is an issue though, officials are now planning a hunting season on gray wolves. Expanding the hunt for wolves around the park poses several issues at the park. The Yellowstone park is where the management protects wildlife so that people can watch and study wildlife. Trophy hunting should be banned in order to help preserve wildlife, give animals a larger lifespan, and to help conservation efforts.
The arrival of new people into America brought economic and cultural strains upon the natives’ way of life. The natives’ ability to adapt to fit the new needs of the country, and the United States governments willingness to work easily with the natives showed that the country was capable of standing and growing. Young Wolf was present during this time of adaptation and willingness in America as a Cherokee Indian, so through the use of his last will and testament we can see the cultural changes occurring at this time. Throughout Young Wolf’s Last Will and Testament you see the changes within tradition, innovation and European-American culture. Young Wolf showed the cultural changes present at his time and he demonstrated how the Cherokees were forced to mold into new European-American cultures while still holding true to a few of their own traditions.
Mader,T.R. Wolf reintroduction in the Yellowstone National Park: a historical perspective. Common Man Institute. 1998. 26 pgs.
This report is all about the gray wolf. Its scientific name is Canis Lupis. Canis is the Latin word for dog. The genus also includes jackals and coyotes. Lupis is the Latin word for wolf. Gray wolves look similar to German shepherds, but the wolf has longer legs and bigger feet. The color of a gray wolf can range from black to white, but shades of gray are the most common. A unique feature about gray wolves is that the farther north you find them, the larger they are. Males can range from (nose-to-tail) five to six and a half feet and females range from four and a half to six feet. The normal life span of a wolf is about thirteen years, but most wolves don’t live past ten years for numerous reasons. Examples include disease, hunters, etc. The wolves that live in Arctic climates have very thick coats of fur that keeps them warm. Wolves, like all canines, have 42 teeth. Their “fangs”, or canine teeth, are used to grab prey and like a hook. These teeth can be as long as two and a half inches.
Our freshman class has been studying ecology and the wolf and moose population on Isle Royale this unit. We have gone through packets and models to learn more about how organisms have relations with one another in their physical surroundings. On top of that, we have gone through case studies and videos to learn more about the wolves and moose on the island. Throughout our investigation we had built a graph showing the populations of the moose and wolves. As we reached the end of our unit, our class was presented with a question:are the moose and wolf population on Isle Royale stable? I believe that the two populations are unstable because of the constant temporary disturbances, the inability to calculate a carrying capacity, and the lack of a pattern between predator and prey.
National Parks are the cornerstone of every country because it preserves the rich cultural and natural resources of a nation, such as Yellowstone in the United States of America. Yellowstone National Park is the World’s First National Park which brings millions of attraction each year, it is larger than Rhode Island and Delaware combine and have over a thousand species of plants and animal (Yellowstone Media). However, a very important type of species has been missing in Yellowstone National Park for a very long time. Wolves, which got reintroduce back into Yellowstone National Park, should stay there because without them the ecosystem would be out of balance.
Gauss’ Law states that no two organisms can occupy the same ecological niche without excluding the other, but what happens when man gets involved with nature and tries to introduce a species where it doesn’t belong which in turn provides a second organism to fill the same niche as the first? The results of human intervention have often been disastrous for the organism that we’re supposedly helping. Humans often times do not understand the complexity of the implications that are caused directly through our intervention. In 1974, the gray wolf was listed on the Endangered Species List, and in an effort to reestablish their populations, wolves were re-introduced into Yellowstone National Park, affecting Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho (Wyoming Wolf Management Plan, 2003). Between 1995 and 1996 thirty one wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone and thirty five wolves into central Idaho. The wolf numbers exploded, leaving these western states with the problem of what to do with these wolves to prevent them from exceeding their carrying capacity and where to go from here.
Even though wolves kill livestock and do massive damage, killing wolfs can increase cattle deaths and traps and guns are huge advantage over them.
Stauth, David. "Wolves Are Rebalancing Yellowstone Ecosystem." Wolves Are Rebalancing Yellowstone Ecosystem. Oregon State University, 28 Oct. 2003. Web. 3 Apr. 2014.