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How does Erik Erikson's view of individual development differ from that of Freud
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson's theories of personality development
Erikson's psychosocial stages parallel with Freud's psychological stages
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Erickson’s Psychosexual Epigenetic Model In childhood, sexual development undergoes three phases each which mark the strong libidinal of a vital zone of the organism as mentioned by Erickson. The oral phase involves respiratory and the sensory stage. The anal phase involving the urethral and the muscular stage. The phallic phases involves the genital and locomotor stage. The 8 stages of personality are both psychosexual and epigenetic. It is psychosexual in the Freudian sense of the term and epigenetic in the sense of unfolding in a genetically predetermined way. Each stage is characterized by a psychosexual problem or a crisis. Each crisis is brought by an increasing physiological maturity. The results become in greater demands by parents …show more content…
The psychological crisis at this stage is basic trust versus basic mistrust. This stage occurs between birth and approximately1 ½ years of age. According to Erikson, the trust versus mistrust stage is the most important period in a person’s life. The radius of significant relations revolves around the maternal person in which, is usually the mother. The ego strength is this stage is hope. The syntonic potential is basic trust and the dystonic antithesis is mistrust. The child will experience both and if the basic trust predominates the ego strength of hope emerges and if mistrust predominates than withdrawal emerges. The ego strength of hope is associated with the binding ritualization of numinous for example, the sense of the hallowed presence of the mother but if antipathy emerges it's associated with the ritualization of idolism. In application to Donald Silva, he displays a ritualism that in the stage of infancy is related to idolism and in Silva's case this emergence leads to withdrawal. Silva has withdrawn from society because all his energy is being focused around the young boys. Silva does not go anywhere or do anything that the outcome does not lead to a relationship with the little boys. Even in Silva's career he specializes in pediatrics he is consistently surrounded by little boys in which, he even mentions being involved in some sexual …show more content…
The psychosexual crisis at this stage is autonomy versus shame or Doubt. This typically occurs when the child is 1 ½ to 3 years of age. The syntonic potential is autonomy and the dystonic antithesis is shame and doubt. According to Erickson, the child is discovering skills and abilities such as putting on clothes and shoes. These skills illustrate the child's growing sense of independence and autonomy. The aim has to be self-control without a loss of self-esteem. Success in this stage will lead to the ego strength of will. If the child is overly controlled and not given the opportunity to assert themselves they will begin to feel inadequate in their abilities and may become overly dependent upon others and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their own abilities that may lead to the basic antipathies of compulsion. In application to Donald Silva, he shows the basic ego strength of will because he is able to independently care for his needs and wants without any dependency on other individuals. Silva knows what he wants, in this case, the relationship with the little boys and follows through with his will to obtain what he needs. For example, with one of the little boys who didn't want any sexual relations with Silva. Silva still had the will to continue nourishing that relationship without the guarantee of any outcome this
Through case study, the psychodynamic approach was developed by Sigmund Freud. Freud visited Charcot’s, a laboratory in Paris investigating people suffering from hysteria. There, Freud began patient case studies (Crain, p. 254). Freud developed 5 stages of human development known as the Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital stages. The Oral stage is from the ages of birth to 18 months. This stage engages in oral activities such as sucking. Next the Anal stage begins around age 18 months to 3 years of age. Freud suggests that during the Anal stage a child focuses on the pleasure of purging from the rectal area. The Phallic stages, none as the masturbation stage, when a child get’s pleasure from focusing on his genital areas usually happens during ages 3 years to 6 years of age. After the Phallic stage come the Latency stages. Latency is when children at the ages of 6 to 12 years old work to develop cognitive and interpersonal skills suppressing sexual interests but those 12 years and older fall into the Genital stages. During the Genital stage those suppressed sexual interests re-occur and the need to find gratification dependent on finding a partner (Craig & Dunn, p 12)
According to Sigmund Freud’s work in the area of psychoanalysis, there are 6 stages of psychosexual development. Of all of these stages of development, Freud hypothesized that the Oedipus complex happens during the phallic stage of development. The phallic stage of a boy’s childhood takes place when he is between the ages of three and six. During this stage of psychosexual development, the pleasure zone on the body switches to the genitals and boys develop unconscious sexual desires for their mother. As a result of this desi...
In this stage, a child starts to become more aware of its genitals and that of others. The phallic stage introduces the “Oedipus complex” in males and “Electra complex” in females. Other psychologists disagree with this stage. The theory of these complexes is the desire to be with the opposite sex parent and eliminating the same sex parent. The Oedipus conflict is a young males desire for his mother and sees his father as his rival, stopping him from being with his mother, henceforth, giving him the desire to take his father out of the picture. However, he is overwhelmed with castration anxiety, which is the fear he has toward his father if his father is to find out and castrates him. This fear forces him to suppress his desire toward his mother, and he then sets out to resolve his castration anxiety problem, which is called identification. To do this, the boy starts copying actions and adopts his father’s behaviors, in a way to identify himself as a man. On the other hand, the Electra complex is where a girl suffers from penis envy where she shifts her attachment from her mother to her father, and in turn, blames her mother for lack of male genitals. The girl hopes that she can have a male child to satisfy her penis envy. Eventually, the phase resolves, and the girl accepts that she doesn't have male genitalia. The phallic stage lasts from three years old till five or six years old. (Stevenson,
Sigmund Freud 's theory of the Oedipus complex describes the ideas and emotions that exist within the unconscious mind of children concerning their desire to possess their mothers sexually and kill their fathers. Freud believed that this complex occurred in both male and female children, with both sexes wishing to possess their mothers and eliminate the threat of their fathers who they competed with for the attention of their mothers. Freud believed that the Oedipus complex occurred during what he referred to as the phallic stage of development, the third of the five stages of a child 's psychosexual development which occurs when a child is between the ages of three and six. According to Freud 's theory, children direct their developing sexual desire toward
...g to identify with the parent of the same sex. This happens at the age of five when the child enters a "latency" period in which sexual motivations become less defined. This last until puberty, when mature genital development begins and the pleasure drive refocuses around the genital area. This, Freud believed, is the sequence or progression implicit in normal human development and it is to be noted that the infant level and the instinctual attempts to satisfy the pleasure drive are frequently checked by parental control and social influence. The development process is crucial to adult mental health. Many mental illnesses particularly hysteria can be traced back to unresolved conflicts experienced at this stage.
Erik Erikson was a psychologist made famous for his ideas on psychosocial development. “Identity crisis” is a term he coined within his career describing what results from an unsuccessful completion of a psychosocial stage of development. In Erikson’s theory, children advance following an order that is predetermined. He focused less on cognitive development and more so on how one relates with others in social interactions. Each stage of Erikson’s theory of development has one of two outcomes. A wholesome identity ensues when completion happens within a stage along with effective communication with others. When a stage is not completed successfully, the individual may become “stuck,” but may complete the stage at a later time. The first stage in Erikson’s theory is trust versus mistrust. A child comprehends the meaning of trust in others by trusting his or her caregiver. This stage begins at birth and lasts to one year of age. In the event that trust successfully develops, he or she attains security within the world and is able to maintain this security even when threatened. If this stage is not completed, it may result in a marked inability to trust and perception that the world is inconsistent, resulting in anxiety, mistrust, and insecurities. Autonomy versus shame and doubt occurs between the ages of one and three. This is when a child begins to assert his or her independence through separation from caregivers, choosing his or her own toy, and making choices about what he or she prefers. If an individual in this stage is supported in his or her increased individuality, he or she will develop secure in his or her survival. If an individual is condemned, excessively controlled, or is not allowed to assert his or her desires, he or...
During the phallic stage (from three to six years of age), the major center of pleasure is the phallus (penis) for boys and the clitoris for girls. Children develop a desire for the opposite-sex parent and a wish to displace the same-sex parent. This attraction creates a conflict, the Oedipus complex for boys and the Electra complex for girls, that must be resolved. In Freud's view, young boys desire their mother and unconsciously want to replace their father, but, recognizing the father's power, they fear he will punish them by castration. This castration anxiety and the Oedipus conflict are resolved when the boy represses his sexual feelings for his mother, gives up his rivalry with his father, and begins to identify with him (Rathus 284).
Freud’s psychosexual theory and Erikson’s psychosocial theory are two very renowned developmental concepts. Erikson was persuaded by Freud’s ideas but he elaborated on the theory differently.
Sigmund Freud developed the psychosexual stages of development to describe the chronological process of development that took place from birth through later adulthood. The stages of psychosexual are oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. Freud developed that as children grow they progress from self-pleasing sexual activity to reproductive activity. Through this developmental process one will develop adult personality. Freud put much emphasis on sexual context of how ones libido, which is one sexual desires played a role in each stage of development. Freud emphasizes that individuals will strive to obtain pleasures in each stage of development, which becomes the basis of ones personality.
Freud (1962) believed that the erogenous zones involved in development are the mouth, the anus, and the genital region. Conflicts and behaviors in each of the psychosexual stages are closely associated with these erogenous areas. As Freud’s developmental theory is linear, a child is unable to progress to the next stage – i.e. unable to focus on the sexual energy associated with the primary erogenous zine of the next stage (Freud, 1962). The conflict central to the psychosexual stage must be resolved in order for an individual to move on to the following stage. According to Freud (1962), successful resolution of each of these stages involves expenditure of sexual energy.
The development of our characters undergoes various stages during childhood. If there is the successful completion of all the psychosexual steps, then there are higher chances of developing a healthy personality. I changed from a happy, smart kid to a sad, morose child because it was difficult having lost a close friend. I did not like my father as much as I did my mother. During the phallic stage, a child may experience Oedipus complex. I believe I was undergoing the same problem when I was young. Some may claim that I was sexually attracted to my mother and Jealous of my father. A factor that could underline this cause is that fact that I was revolting my father’s ideologies creating a situation where there a father and son competition. According to psychoanalytic theory, obsessiveness and compulsive behavior reflect the maladaptive responses to the conflicts from the earlier stages of psychological development. I developed my feelings of insecurity when I was a child, my instability made me fear easily and anxious. My constant involvement in activism and interest in political leadership is a show of my obsessiveness and compulsiveness.
(B) The child eventually represses these desires as they feel threatened by the parent of the same sex and experience castration anxiety. They are afraid of challenging the father, and see themselves as powerless. (C) When the child identifies with the father, they become one with the aggressor and understand the father’s role. As a result, the child gets. A conscience and their father’s moral values. This must take place to overcome the Oedipal complex. (D) Freud claims the female Oedipal complex is a result of penis envy. (C) Penis envy leads to lifelong feelings of inadequacy for not having a penis. It causes her to want to share her father’s penis, resulting in an Oedipal/Electra complex that is never fully resolved. This leads to “female emotions” and a lack of a “full” personality
According to Knight (2014), Freud believed the latent stage is one of the most transformative stages with biological, emotional and cognitive developments. Therefore, in the early stages of latency, sexual instincts are suppressed. As children progress through latency, he or she begins to think for themselves, behave and act more maturely and independently of adults. The latent stage is a unique time for children as puberty, social and family environments, school, peers, and self-identification takes center stage (Knight, 2014). He or she not only understand the difference between rewards and consequences but also how to manipulate adults, and visibly watch his or her body
According to the founding father of psychology, Sigmund Freud, there are five different developmental stages that we must pass through in childhood in order to become fulfilled individuals. What Freud argued was that we all go through certain sexual stages in childhood that we move through for biological reasons. He argu...
The five stages of Freud’s psychosexual development theory included the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. During infancy the oral phase of development begins, the mouth being the source of all pleasurable interactions. The infant attains pleasure from gratifying activities such as sucking and eating. Freud believed if the child’s needs are not met during this period, it would result in issues with dependency, aggression, and oral fixations. During adulthood oral fixations may spawn negative habits such as eating, smoking, and nail biting. During the anal stage of development toddlers and preschool aged children must learn to control their bodily needs, developing control leads to independence and a sense of accomplishment. Improper resolution of this crisis can result in obsessiveness and tidiness if a parent is too harsh during toilet training and messy destruction personalities if a parent is too lax. During the phallic stage, the libido concentrates on the genitals. Throughout this phase of development children start to discover differences between males and females and begin to struggle with sexual desires toward the opposite sex parent. During the latent period, the libido is suspended and children and adolescence concentrate on suppressing sexual desires. At this time children focus on hobbies and friends. During the final stage of psychosexual development, the genital stage, people develop strong sexual interests in the opposite sex to fulfill the instinct to