The psychodynamic approach
Freud claimed personalities are made up of three parts Id (primitive and instinctive), Ego (decision maker), and Superego ego (values and morals) (McLeod,2017). This approach is based on concepts that are not directly observable, or testable. This means that there is no way to scientifically verify any findings, and therefore it is impossible to establish cause and effect links https://getrevising.co.uk/grids/evaluation_of_psychodynamic_approach.
Freud believed that children pass through five psychosexual stages of development, and that each stage was marked by behaviour from which the child achieved an almost sexual satisfaction. The stages are; oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. Fraud only studied
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Simplifying the human mind into the id, ego and superego and the five psychosexual stages makes the approach reductionist. (McLeod, 2017)
Freud claimed that the adult personality is the product of innate drives- i.e. Urges we are born with and childhood experiences, for example we way we are raised. Freud ‘rehumanised’ the distressed, making their suffering more comprehensible to the rest of society. Psychoanalysis depends strongly on the therapist’s interpretation of what the client says. Freud said that if the client accepted the interpretation then it was probably correct. The client’s conscious mind could reject an unacceptable but accurate interpretation. (LinkedIn Learning).
Behaviourism refers to a psychological approach which emphasises scientific and objective methods of investigation. It concentrates on the 'here and now' rather than rooting into the past (like the psychodynamic model) - this is an advantage since many people do not know the past causes of their abnormal behaviour and it is more important to sort out present issues. It recognises the importance of the current environment shaping our behaviour it can explain cultural differences in behaviour. (McLeod,
Throughout history the way we live, the way we interact with other people and the way and reason we create art has been carefully structured by countless factors that we encounter every day of our lives. Many of these factors can be grouped together and categorised as 'Psychogeography', the term coined by French theorist Guy Debord in 1955. Debord's definition described the term as 'the study of specific effects of the geographical environment, consciously organised or not, on the emotions & behaviour of individuals’(1), in his work he deeply considered the effects that physical structure in the environment has on the way humans interact with each other and the space they inhabit. Guy Debord was a part of an organization that encouraged and supported the ideas of like minded artists, theorists and intellectuals called the 'Situationist International' (SI), whose ideologies were of prioritising the study and discussion of real life; temporal subjects that concerned modern society. A principle cultivated by the SI that closely relates to psychogeography is the idea of dérive ("drift"). Debord illustrates the theory of dérive as an environmental distraction, 'In a dérive one or more persons during a certain period drop their usual motives for movement and action, their relations, their work and leisure activities, and let themselves be drawn by the attractions of the terrain and the encounters they find there'(2). Dérive alludes that when humans detect changes in elements of our geographical surroundings natural instinct causes us to change our paths. Debord also describes the act of dérive in a way that connotes the idea of invisible auras that surround individual locations, "The sudden change of ambiance in a street within the spa...
The data and observations are gathered from case studies of clinical practice in psychoanalysis, as well as from Freud's self-analysis. The key motivational forces are sex and aggression; the need to reduce tension resulting from internal conflicts. Personality is structured around three interacting components (id, ego, superego) operating at three levels of consciousness (conscious, preconscious, unconscious). Developmental emphasis is on fixation or progress through psychosexual stages; experiences in early childhood (such as toilet training) can leave a lasting mark on adult personality. Origins of disorders are unconscious fixations...
In addition to Freud’s stages of development his best-known concepts are those of the id, ego, and superego (Crain, p. 268). The id personality called ‘the unconscious” is the personality that focuses on maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain through reflexes and drives such as hunger or bladder tensions (Crain, pp. 268-269). The id concept is impulsive, chaotic and unrealistic.
In the world of cinema, there’s almost always a discussion regarding what scenes would be suitable for the grasping imagination of any audience, young or old. Alfred Hitchcock’s 1960 film, Psycho, sparked a plug for the movie industry as it was the first movie of its kind to display such graphic scenes of sex and violence to a worldwide audience.
Psychodynamic therapy, focuses on unconscious mind and how past experiences, inner thoughts, fears, and emotions The main goal of psychodynamic therapy is for clients to be self-aware of the past and how it effects who they are in the present. This type of therapy focuses on the underlying problems and emotions that influenced the client’s behavior. (Psych Central, 2016)
Sigmund Freud created strong theories in science and medicine that are still being studied today. Freud was a neurologist who proposed many distinctive theories in psychiatry, all based upon the method of psychoanalysis. Some of his key concepts include the ego/superego/id, free association, trauma/fantasy, dream interpretation, and jokes and the unconscious. “Freud remained a determinist throughout his life, believing that all vital phenomena, including psychological phenomena like thoughts, feelings and phantasies, are rigidly determined by the principle of cause and effect” (Storr, 1989, p. 2). Through the discussion of those central concepts, Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis becomes clear as to how he construed human character.
The aim of this essay is to analyse four theoretical approaches to psychology, including psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive and behavioural. Analysing each approach in detail and identifying key features the approach uses to explain human behaviour. This essay will also analyse how successful each approach is in it methods, evidence gathering techniques and analyse how it can be applied to giving reasons for particular human behaviours. As well as analysing each approaches failings in it theories, methods and evidence gathering techniques.
Sigmund Freud developed the psychosexual stages of development to describe the chronological process of development that took place from birth through later adulthood. The stages of psychosexual are oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. Freud developed that as children grow they progress from self-pleasing sexual activity to reproductive activity. Through this developmental process one will develop adult personality. Freud put much emphasis on sexual context of how ones libido, which is one sexual desires played a role in each stage of development. Freud emphasizes that individuals will strive to obtain pleasures in each stage of development, which becomes the basis of ones personality.
Origins of Behaviorism Behaviourism originated with the work of John B. Watson from 1913. Behaviourism is based on the following sets of claims: (1) Psychology is the study of behaviour. Psychology is not the science of mind. This statement also forms a type of behaviourism: “Methodological” behaviourism claims that psychology should concern itself with the behaviour of organisms (human and non-human). Psychology should not concern itself with mental states or events or with constructing internal information processing accounts of behaviour.
From a Freudian perspective, human development is based on psychosexual theory (Wedding & Corsini, 2014). Psychosexual theory indicates that maturation of the sex drives underlies stages of personality development (Shaffer et al., 2010). It was Freud’s perspective that there are three components of personality (the id, ego, and superego) that become integrated into his five stage theoretical model. The id was the biological or drive component that is innate from birth. The sole purpose of the Id is satiate an individual’s internal drives (Wedding & Corsini, 2014). The ego is the conscious portion of our personality that mediates between our id and superego. Throughout development the ego reflects the child’s emerging ability to...
Psychology has many fields that study different parts of the human brain. The branch of Psychology that studies the relationship between a stimulus and the perception of that stimulus is known as Psychophysics. Psychophysics has it’s foundation in the work of Gustav Theodor Fechner, a German scientist who studied the response to physical stimuli during the 1800’s. Currently, the two main areas that a Psychophysicists looks at when studying the brain's relationship to a stimulus are the absolute, minimum, and maximum thresholds. Psychophysics attempts to bridge the actual physical stimulus with the mind's perception of that stimulus. The study of psychophysics relies
ID, ego and superego. He said you were born with ID which was in your
Sigmund Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory suggests that human behavior and personality is influenced by unconscious motives. In the early 1900s, Freud proposed this theory, stating that the personality consists of the id, the ego, and the superego. Psychodynamic psychologists see behavior as a compromise between the three areas of our psyche. These psychologists study human behavior by looking for deeper meanings in peoples’ thoughts and actions. Today, many of Freud’s ideas have been criticized for being too abstract and objective, but that does not mean that his work is without merit. The Psychodynamic Theory has redefined patient-therapist relationships and our understanding of thought processes and response patterns.
Exercising Aspects of Psychoanalytic Theory to Illuminate the Crime of Stalking Research has indicated that the Psychoanalytic Theory plays a vast role in understanding the criminal behavior of stalking. When an individual does not bond with a caretaker/parent in the early childhood years, we tend to see the behavior roll over into adolescence and adulthood. There are several unanswered questions when reviewing our nation’s and/or states history of stalking.
Freud believed that humans develop through stages based on particular erogenous zones. Freud theorized that to gain a healthy personality as an adult, a person would have to successfully complete a certain sequence of five stages. Within the five stages of Freud’s psychosexual development theory, Freud assumed there would be major consequences if any stage was not completed successfully. The stages, in order, were the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the latency stage, and the genital stage. In general, Freud believed that an unsuccessful completion of any stage would make a person become fixated on that particular stage. The outcome would lead the person to either over indulge or under indulge the failed stage during adulthood. Freud truly believed that the outcomes of the psychosexual stages played a major part in the development of the human personality. Eventually, these outcomes would become different driving forces in every human being’s personality. The driving forces would determine how a person would interact with the world around them. The results from Freud’s theory about the stages of psychosexual development led Freud to create the concept of the human psyche; Freud’s biggest contribution to