Prostate Cancer
The prostate gland is an egg-sized organ that rings the male urethra. The secretions of the prostate give nutrients to the semen. Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death in men. (Ernstoff,Heaney,Peschel,1998,pviii) Like all cancers, prostate cancer is an uncontrolled cell production in a particular organ or area of the body. In the case of prostate cancer, these cells begin to split impulsively in the prostate and form tumors. As these tumors begin to grow they begin to use up oxygen from other healthy cells and surrounding tissue. Not only do these tumors take up oxygen from other cells, they secrete protein signals that initiate the formation of new blood vessels. (CaP CURE,2000,p1) With the increasing rate of prostate cancer in males it is highly suggested that men begin to get tested for this form of cancer at the age of 30. There are two ways of diagnosing prostate cancer. The most common way is a rectal exam. Digital rectal examination can provide meaningful information in both the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. (Ernstoff,Heaney,Peschel,2,p48) The exam is fairly simple. A doctor places his finger in the anus and feels for the texture and size of the gland. The second way that a physician can determine if a male has prostate cancer is the PSA test, which measures the levels of the enzymes produced in the prostate. A method that is not widely used is an ultrasound to visualize the prostate. The rate in which the prostate grows can be reduced through the controlling of testosterone. Yet the prostate can never be stopped from growing and at some point it will grow uncontrollable and can be deadly. After a male is diagnosed with prostr...
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...iddleton,R.(1987).
Prostatic Cancer.Chicago,Ill.
Yearbook Medical Publishers.
Bibliography:
References
American Cancer Society. (2000). Cancer Facts and Figures: Prostate Cancer.
Retrieved October 12,2000 from World Wide Web:
http://www.cancer.org/statistics/cff98/special.html
CaP CURE. (2000).Diet and Prostate Cancer in African American Men.
Retrieved October 10,2000 from World Wide Web:
http://www.capcure.org/aboutprostate/html
Ernstoff,M, Heaney,J & Peschel,R. (1998).
Prostate Cancer. Malden, MA.
Blackwell Science, Inc.
National Prostate Cancer Coalition. (2000). Facts, Resources& Information.
Retrieved October 11,2000 from World Wide Web:
http://www.4npcc.org/facts/African-American_Facts.cfm
Smith,J, Middleton,R.(1987).
Prostatic Cancer.Chicago,Ill.
Yearbook Medical Publishers.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common ailments that affect aging men. Statistics show that more than half of the entire male population aged 65 have some form of BPH, while about 90 percent of men aged 85 have the condition. Every year, in the United States alone, about a quarter of a million surgeries are performed to correct BPH. As they name implies, BPH is a non-malignant growth of the prostate, the gland that secretes semen, the fluid that transports sperm. Although not harmful, BPH can bring about symptoms that could largely affect the quality of life of its sufferers.
The underlying purpose of the experiments performed in the study, Promoter Hypermethylation of KLF4 Inactivates its Tumor Suppressor Function in Cervical Carcinogenesis, is to investigate the mechanism by which the KLF4 gene is silenced in cervical carcinomas. Cervical cancer accounts for 250,000 female deaths every year. Developing therapies for cervical cancer has been limited due to the lack of genetic and epigenetic data of the mechanism causing the cancer. The KLF4 gene is a transcriptional regulator of cell growth and differentiation. It functions as a tumor suppressor in cervical cancer, but is found to be inactivated in cervical cancer. The overexpression of KLF4 protein is known to inhibit cervical cancer cell growth and tumor formation by activating a cell cycle suppressor. Promoter CpG island hypermethylation can result in transcriptional silencing of many tumor suppressing genes. Two CpG regions, BSQ1 and BSQ3, were examined in this experiment.
Envision, a tumor so repulsive, it violates the very laws of physiology, turning normal tissues at odds with their own nature. According to Merriam Webster, a teratoma is defined as a tumor derived from more than one embryonic layer and made up of a heterogeneous mixture of tissues, such as epithelium, bone, cartilage, or muscle. The name teratoma, originates from the ancient greek prefix of terato, meaning monster, combined with the suffix oma, meaning mass. Therefore, it can be interpreted, the phrase teratoma, denotes a monstrous mass. Indeed, teratomas, are of grotesque quality, seeing as they are not limited by normal anatomical boundaries. Even more, they may even contain hair, teeth, fat, bone, and sometimes complex organs (see fig 1).
Thyroid cancer starts in the thyroid gland, which is located under you Adam’s apple at the base of your neck. The described appearance of cancer in the thyroid is nodules, small or large bumps where the thyroid is, that you can feel. According to Cancer.org, about 1 in 20 nodules are cancerous in humans.
Prostate cancer has been the number one diagnosed cancer today. According to the World Health Organization, approximately one in every ten American men will develop prostate cancer during his lifespan. This cancer has been very common in the last few years. American Cancer Society reported over 200,000 new cases of prostate cancer. Huge number of population suffered severely. The prostate is significant for reproduction. It helps the substances that are involved in fertilization and transporting of sperm as well as survival. Prostate tumor is developed in the prostate gland, which is found in the men’s reproductive system. Prostate is the size of a walnut, which is located inferiorly in the penis and anterior to the rectum. It contains the connective tissue, which includes the glandular and fibrous tissues. This tumor starts to develop during their adolescent year due to the control of the male reproductive hormones. When the tumor starts to develop, it begins at the urethra, which is a tube that releases the urine from the bladder. The tumor is a slow development yet it is contagious to the other parts of the body, such as it does affect the pelvic bones, lungs, liver, and the lower vertebrae (Zenka, 2009).
Question: A patient with terminal lung cancer tells you, "I want to stop the chemo; my life is good and I want to enjoy what time I have left." How might each of the human dimensions influence this decision? What other factors can influence health decisions?
Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the male’s testicles first then spreads to other parts of the body. It most commonly spreads to the lymph nodes after it spreads throughout the testicles. Testicles are part of the male’s reproductive system that makes testosterone, the male hormone, and sperm. It is treatable and can usually be cured. The signs of testicular cancer are lumps, swelling, and pain in your testicles. You can check for these lumps yourself, but it is better and more important to check with your doctor for lumps annually. Testicular cancer isn’t caused by much, but there are some risks.
The American Cancer Society is a volunteer-based organization that is present across the United States. Its main purpose is to raise money and awareness about the severity and prevalence of cancer. Cancer education and research is where most of the focus and monetary donations are used for. The American Cancer Society strives to fulfill their goal of “less cancer and more birthdays” across all generations and populations (ACS Inc., 2011).
Cancer is a word which evokes many different images and emotions. Nothing in this world can prepare a person for the utter devastation of finding out someone has been diagnosed with cancer, especially when this person is a child. Over the past twenty five years the amount of research and the survival rate for children suffering with cancer have increased dramatically. Despite these successes, the funding for new research necessary to keep these children alive and healthy is miniscule and too dependent on short term grants. Of the billions of dollars spent each year on cancer treatments and research less than a third is contributed to researching pediatric cancer. Given the media focus on adult cancers, research for pediatric cancer is underfunded. In order to maintain the increasing survival rate of the children undergoing pediatric cancer and support those who have survived the disease, better funding is quintessential to develop and further promote research.
Almost all prostate cancers develop form the gland cells in the prostate that make the seminal fluid. While some prostate cancers can grow rapidly, most are slow grow. This cancer can grow so slow that older men who have died from othe...
The thyroid gland is the gland that makes and stores hormones that help regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and metabolism. Thyroid hormones are essential for the function of every cell in the body. They help regulate growth and the rate of chemical reactions in the body. Thyroid hormones also help children grow and develop. The thyroid gland is located in the lower part of the neck, below the Adam's apple, wrapped around the trachea. It has the shape of a butterfly with two lobes attached to one another by a middle part called the isthmus. The thyroid uses iodine, a mineral found in some foods and in iodized salt, to make its hormones. The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The thyroid gland also makes the hormone calcitonin, which is involved in calcium metabolism and stimulating bone cells to add calcium to bone.
BPH is a condition in men in which the prostate gland is enlarged in size, causing to interruption of the outflow of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra. It is unregulated proliferation of glandular epithelium, connective tissue and smooth muscle within the prostatic transition area. As Patel and Parsons (2014) suggests, age and genetics play the significant role in the aetiology of BPH and which are non-modifiable. Similarly, risk factors for BPH are obesity, excess weight, diabetes, the metabolic syndrome and diet, which are modifiable. Although, the clinical manifestations of BPH are urinary symptoms like urinary retention, voiding difficulty problem and urine dribbling at the end are obstructive symptoms. Likewise, nocturia,
Like many cancers that form in the body, prostate cancer begins when cells grow abnormally out of control. This can have an effect on the male’s reproductive system or possibly even the urinary tract system, depending on the enlargement of the prostate. What differentiates this cancer from many others is that not only is it one of the leading causes of death for men, but it is one of the top cancers with new cases developing yearly.
Today, prostate cancer is usually detected through screening, and there are two methods for early detection. The prostate-specific antigen test (PSA) is used, but there are many factors that can influence the outcome of the PSA test. Medications such as antihistamines, physical exertion or recent ejaculation can raise a PSA level (Gray, 2009). The test itself was intended for staging the presence of known prostate cancer and is less reliable when used alone (Oliver, 2007).
Prostate cancer, a very common cancer, is considered as one of the most dangerous diseases and it has a very high death percentage. A research suggested that one in seven men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lives CITATION Wal14 \l 1033 [1]. It is believed that there are three challenges in prostate cancer research. These challenges are risk assessment, differential diagnosis of aggressive and non-aggressive cancer, and developing new treatments for advanced disease. During the last decade, a lot of research has been carried out to understand the reasons, symptoms and treatment of Prostate cancer. Previously it was difficult to diagnose and treat prostate cancer, but recently tremendous progress has been made. Cancer cells have ability to grow uncontrollably. They can migrate from primary lesion and can create metastases in distant tissues. There is a lot of evidence available that suggests that alternative splicing, a process that allows the production of several mRNA variants from each gene, is responsible for the heterogeneity of the disease. The International Research Agency for Cancer has been working on estimating global cancer burden for last three