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IN WHAT WAYS DO RACE, CLASS AND GENDER SHAPE PRACTICES AND EXPERIENCES IN PRISON? DRAW ON THEORIES AND EXAMPLES/CASE STUDIES TO SUPPORT YOUR CASE.
Introduction
To punish someone, in criminology, is to intentionally condemn the breaking of criminal law through penal regulation (Hudson 2002). From the death penalty at one end of the spectrum, to fines at the other end, punishment is synonymous with prisons. It is often the most desired form of justice but it is also the most contradictory form of punishment. This contradiction can be examined when exploring race, class and gender within prisons. Scholars have explored the history of the prisons by reviewing the rises and falls of prison numbers and tracing the changing purpose of prisons throughout
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By this, we refer to situations where prisoners are given differential treatment as a result of the same behaviour. A key factor that influences a prison staff’s discretion is the long held negative stereotypes. Crenshaw did not adequately explain the reason why this is so, but we argue that it is, as many Indigenous scholars do, that the ultimate source of oppression is ‘colonialism’. When Australia was being colonised, Aboriginal people were essentially treated as lesser human beings; subjected to massacres, children were taken away, women were raped, and there was a total disregard for Aboriginal culture and religion. Colonialism has had negative consequences for the natives of a nation, which result in the domination of Indigenous people. In one instance of a strip search on an Aboriginal woman, police officers laughed after she completed her strip search and was made to stand naked (ABC News 2011). Statistics shows that Aboriginal women are six times more likely to be sexually abused compared to non-Aboriginal women (Sunday Morning Herald 2013) and exacerbates an Aboriginal women’s experience in prison. Furthermore, this reiterates the degradation of the whole procedure and emphasises white domination over Aboriginal
Lappin, H. G., & Greene, J. (2006). Are prisons just? In C. Hanrahan (Ed.), Opposing Viewpoints: America’s prisons (pp. 51-98). Detroit: Bonnie Szumski.
The majority of our prison population is made up of African Americans of low social and economic classes, who come from low income houses and have low levels of education. The chapter also discusses the amount of money the United States loses yearly due to white collar crime as compared to the cost of violent crime. Another main point was the factors that make it more likely for a poor person to be incarcerated, such as the difficulty they would have in accessing adequate legal counsel and their inability to pay bail. This chapter addresses the inequality of sentencing in regards to race, it supplies us with NCVS data that shows less than one-fourth of assailants are perceived as black even though they are arrested at a much higher rate. In addition to African Americans being more likely to be charged with a crime, they are also more likely to receive harsher punishments for the same crimes- which can be seen in the crack/cocaine disparities. These harsher punishments are also shown in the higher rates of African Americans sentenced to
‘’ Abolition of systemic discrimination in the CJS may leave behind ‘structural racism’: the discriminatory impact of laws, policies and practices rather than individual racist attitudes’’ (Blagg et al 2005: 12). The white susceptibilities are offended when Aboriginal people’s occurrence induces loathing and fear: their social custom, and their differences (sitting in parks, moving around as a group). In public places it is approved or considered as ‘okay’ to discriminate against Aboriginal people, for instances; Aboriginal children was rejected from shopping malls for ruptures of dress codes while young non-aboriginal youths are not, Aboriginal background adults are denied service in pubs is all regarded as being ‘okay’. Aboriginal people’s cultural values and beliefs are ignored as the Criminal justice system (CJS) enforces non-Aboriginal principles upon them. As a result, such behaviour is considered as institutionalised norms, practices and standards but not reflected as deliberate
Nationwide, blacks are incarcerated at 8.2 times the rate of whites (Human Rights Watch, 2000).” This difference in proportionality does not necessarily involve direct discrimination; it can be explained by a number of combined factors. Correctional agencies do not control the number of minorities who enter their facilities. Therefore, the disparity must come from decisions made earlier in the criminal justice process. Law enforcement, court pre-sentencing policies and procedures, and sentencing all have a direct effect on the overrepresentation of minorities in the correctional population.
Pettit, Becky, and Bruce Western. "Incarceration & Social Inequality." Daedalus 139.3 (2010): 8+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 15 May 2014.
Both males and females amongst the aboriginals are overrepresented in the various levels of secured custody. However, based on the enormity of the native involvement in the Canadian Penal System, there have been a number of commissions meant to resolve the dilemma regarding the aboriginal people (Crnovich 2005 : 8). While both the premises of the aboriginal and also the contemporary models related to justice have been identified as being mu...
The gross over representation of indigenous people in the Australian criminal justice system (CJS) is so disturbingly evident that it is never the source of debate. Rather it is the starting point of discussions centring on the source and solutions to this prominent social, cultural and political issue. Discourse surrounds not only the economic and social disadvantage of indigenous communities, but also the systemic racism and continuing intergenerational trauma resulting for the unjust colonisation of a nation which has profited whites at the detriment to indigenous people throughout history. In respect to the currently CJS, trepidations are raised by indigenous communities around the lack of culturally diverse laws and punishments within the system. The overtly western system does not provide a viable space for indigenous
On 4/3/2016, I was assigned as the Dock officer at the Lower Buckeye Jail, located at the above address.
Historically, criminology was significantly ‘gender-blind’ with men constituting the majority of criminal offenders, criminal justice practitioners and criminologists to understand ‘male crimes’ (Carraine, Cox, South, Fussey, Turton, Theil & Hobbs, 2012). Consequently, women’s criminality was a greatly neglected area and women were typically seen as non-criminal. Although when women did commit crimes they were medicalised and pathologised, and sent to mental institutions not prisons (Carraine et al., 2012). Although women today are treated differently to how they were in the past, women still do get treated differently in the criminal justice system. Drawing upon social control theory, this essay argues that nature and extent of discrimination
There are many reasons why an individual would engage in a violent altercation with a detention center counselor without resorting to a conspiracy. In order to prove a conspiracy, one would have to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that there was an actual agreement to commit the crime, or present proof of conduct legally sufficient to infer such an agreement. 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. §903 (2014). The requirements to prove conspiracy, if stretched, could potentially catch individuals who in all honesty did not have an agreement to commit a crime. Fortunately, the judicial system in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania attempts to dismiss potentially disingenuous conspiracy charges by prohibiting a conviction for conspiracy to be based upon mere suspicion
In Western cultures imprisonment is the universal method of punishing criminals (Chapman 571). According to criminologists locking up criminals may not even be an effective form of punishment. First, the prison sentences do not serve as an example to deter future criminals, which is indicated, in the increased rates of criminal behavior over the years. Secondly, prisons may protect the average citizen from crimes but the violence is then diverted to prison workers and other inmates. Finally, inmates are locked together which impedes their rehabilitation and exposes them too more criminal
Mass incarceration is a massive system of racial and societal management. It is the process by which individuals jailed for the criminal structure. Marked culprits and criminals are put in jail for a long time and after that are discharged into a permanent second-class status in which they are stripped of essential civil and human rights. It is a framework that works to control individuals, frequently at early ages, and all parts of their lives after they have been seen as suspects in some wrongdoing. Alexander discusses the three stages in the cycle of mass incarceration. Those three stages include roundup, the period of formal control, and period of invisible.
An exponential increase in the number of elder prisoners is creating new and costly challenges for the criminal justice system, state economies, and communities to which older former prisoners return. Through the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution, prisoners have a right to timely access to an appropriate level of care for serious medical needs. Yet many health care and service providers in the criminal justice system are underprepared to provide cost-effective quality care for older adults. Older prisoners disproportionately account for escalating correctional health care costs and create new and costly challenges for the criminal justice system. Prison-based health care systems increasingly must provide care to older persons
(2013) Prison: the facts Bromley Briefings Summer. Available from: http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/Portals/0/Documents/Prisonthefacts.pdf [Accessed 01 January 2014]. Sue Rex, A. and Robinson, G. (2004) Alternative Prison Options for an Insecure Society.
Punishing the unlawful, undesirable and deviant members of society is an aspect of criminal justice that has experienced a variety of transformations throughout history. Although the concept of retribution has remained a constant (the idea that the law breaker must somehow pay his/her debt to society), the methods used to enforce and achieve that retribution has changed a great deal. The growth and development of society, along with an underlying, perpetual fear of crime, are heavily linked to the use of vastly different forms of punishment that have ranged from public executions, forced labor, penal welfare and popular punitivism over the course of only a few hundred years. Crime constructs us as a society whilst society, simultaneously determines what is criminal. Since society is always changing, how we see crime and criminal behavior is changing, thus the way in which we punish those criminal behaviors changes.