Politics of the Founding Fathers
Both the Federalists, those promoting a strong central government, and the Anti-federalists, those believing that liberties including the right of self-rule would be protected best by preservation of local self-government, agreed that arms and liberty were in no doubt linked. The first discussion in which these views were articulated occurred in the context of Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution concerning the powers of Congress to raise a standing army and its power over the militia. As initially proposed, Congress was to be provided the power to raise armies. Objections were raised that there was no check against standing armies in time of peace. The debate focused on how to avoid the dangers of a standing army; there was no dispute that a standing army posed a significant threat to the liberty of the people. The dilemma was that some type of national army would be necessary in time of war, but the results of waiting until war occurred to raise a national army could be disastrous.
The solution adopted was two-fold. First, Congress would have the power to raise an army but no appropriation of money for that use could be for more than two years. Because the people controlled the House of Representatives and the Senate, and Congress controlled the purse, the people were given an effective check against the dangers of a standing army. The second check against the dangers of a standing army was provided by the existence of the militia. Again, however, the necessity of providing for the common defense had to be satisfied while guarding against the national government's abuse of power.
A. The Anti-federalist View
The Anti-federalist views were stated in pamphlets entitled Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican. Richard Henry Lee is credited with authorship. The self-styled federal farmer thought of himself as a supporter of federalism and republicanism. His view of federalism was not that set forth in the proposed Constitution of 1787. The federal farmer argued that a distant national government was in sharp contrast to freedom: The following is a sample letter
The general government, far removed from the people, and none of its members elected oftener than once in two years, will be forgot or neglected, and its laws in many cases disregarded, unless a multitude of officers and military force be continually kept in view, and employed to enforce the execution of the laws and to make the government feared and respected.
From 1787-1790 the development of the American Constitution was a battle between two opposing political philosophies. America’s best political minds gathered in Philadelphia and other cities in the Northeast in order to find common ground in a governmental structure. The Federalists and the Anti-Federalists had both some political thoughts that agreed as well as some political thoughts that disagreed. However, both parties would compromise and ultimately come together.
When the United States declared itself a sovereign nation, the Articles of Confederation were drafted to serve as the nations first Constitution.Under these Articles, the states held most of the power; but due to an almost absent centralized government, colonists were ill-equipped to deal with such practices as regulating trade both between states and internationally, levying taxes, solving inter-state disputes, negotiating with foreign nations, and most importantly enforcing laws under the current notion of "Congress". Realizing that there were several deficiencies in the current system of self-government, the states appointed delegates to ratify the situation and come up with a way to attain the aforementioned practices they needed to be a functional independent nation.
While the Federalists believe in a strong, central government, the Anti-Federalists believe in the shared power of state and national governments to maintain the rights of all Americans .The Anti-Federalist favored a confederated government were the state and national governments could share power ,protect citizen’s freedom ,and independence. The Anti-Federalists found many problems in the Constitution. Many were concerned the central government take was all individual rights. Anti-Federalist primarily consisted of farmers and tradesmen and was less likely to be a part of the wealthy elite than were members of their rival the Federalist. Many Anti-federalists were local politicians who feared losing power should the Constitution be ratified and argued that senators that served for too long and represented excessively large territories would cause senators to forget what their responsibilities were for that state. They argued that the Constitution would give the country an entirely new and unknown form of government and saw no reason in throwing out the current government. Instead, they believed that the Federalists had over-stated the current problems of the country and wanted improved characterization of power allowable to the states. They also maintained that the Framers of the Constitution had met as a discriminatory group under an order of secrecy and had violated the stipulations of the Articles of Confederation in the hopes for the for ratification of the Constitution. The Anti-Federalist were sure that the Constitution would take away the rights of the American citizens and fought hard to stop the ratification on the
The growth of a new nation can be a great struggle. Our founding struggled to form a perfect nation through the enactments of The Articles of Confederation, The Constitution, and also The Federalist Papers. They struggled to make a document that they could depend on in times of need, and the constitution was the one that really set the line and challenged the government to near perfection. Something can never be perfect that's why the federalist papers were created to enhance the constitution and make it something very close to perfect. All of these essays under the federalist papers were very important building blocks that helped us become the great nation that we are now.
During the construction of the new Constitution, many of the most prominent and experienced political members of America’s society provided a framework on the future of the new country; they had in mind, because of the failures of the Articles of Confederation, a new kind of government where the national or Federal government would be the sovereign power, not the states. Because of the increased power of the national government over the individual states, many Americans feared it would hinder their ability to exercise their individual freedoms. Assuring the people, both Alexander Hamilton and James Madison insisted the new government under the constitution was “an expression of freedom, not its enemy,” declaring “the Constitution made political tyranny almost impossible.” (Foner, pg. 227) The checks and balances introduced under the new and more powerful national government would not allow the tyranny caused by a king under the Parliament system in Britain. They insisted that in order achieve a greater amount of freedom, a national government was needed to avoid the civil unrest during the system under the Articles of Confederation. Claiming that the new national government would be a “perfect balance between liberty and power,” it would avoid the disruption that liberty [civil unrest] and power [king’s abuse of power in England] caused. The “lackluster leadership” of the critics of the new constitution claimed that a large land area such as America could not work for such a diverse nation.
This disease is caused by a defective gene and was discovered in the 1930's. Scientists are
Bankruptcy, incineration of homes, incarceration, and death: these are only a few of the many hardships met by our Founding Fathers, and yet, none wavered. At a turning point in history, the 56 men were willing to take initiative and sacrifice their own personal comforts for the betterment of their countrymen and nation. As exemplary leaders, they formed the backbone of our United States. The attributes of our Founding Fathers illustrate characteristics necessary for the advancement of our nation in our generation. For these reasons, the sacrifices made are not only relevant, but they are the key to everlasting success and diplomatic authority as a young citizen of this United States. Similar to a pearl in an oyster, the Founding Fathers forced changes that were essential in revealing the true beauty of our country.
Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disease affecting the exocrine glands and progressively gets worse over time. The production of unusually thick mucus is formed causing blockages of the pancreatic ducts, intestines, and bronchi. Though it majorly affects the respiratory and digestive systems, sweat glands and the reproductive system are affected too. “The result is malnutrition, poor growth, numerous respiratory infections and breathing difficulties” (Interactive Health Tutorials: Medline Plus). Cystic Fibrosis affects almost 30,000 Americans: it affects males and females equally. There are another 12,000 people who carry the Cystic Fibrosis gene, and can pass it to offspring if they reproduce with someone with a like gene. Usually, a person is diagnosed with the disease as an infant. The life expectancy for a person with Cystic Fibrosis is, on average, thirty years. There is no cure for Cystic Fibrosis, but with treatments and supplements, people with the disease can live a normal life.
Our powerpoint states that the Federalists were led by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. The Anti-Federalists on the other hand, did not agree. The powerpoint mentions that they attacked every area of the Constitution, but two of its features attracted the most criticism. One was the extremely increased powers of the central government. The second included the lack of “bill of rights” that would have provided necessary liberties including freedom of speech and religion.
The Founding Fathers were a revolutionary group, diverse in personalities and ideologies but shared the common goal of American liberty. They understood that the citizens should have a say in their government, and the government only obtains its power from the citizen’s consent. In order to avoid endless debates on issues that needed to be solved immediately, the revolutionary leaders compromised their beliefs. Joseph J. Ellis writes of the compromises that changed the constitutional debate into the creation of political parties in, The Founding Brothers. The 3 main chapters that show cased The Founding Brothers’ compromises are The Dinner, The Silence, and The Collaborators.
Like the world around us the medical field is always changing. It is always pushing forward, trying to understand mysteries of the human body that have boggled researchers for decades. What confuses scientists more, are the organisms or conditions that create these abnormalities that can send the human body into a downward spiral. Disease is something that has affected human civilization since the dawn of time. It can either be chronic or acute, but in either case it has the potential to bring havoc to the human body systems that can lead to devastating consequences. Generally there are two main types of diseases, ones caused by invading pathogens and those which are hereditary. One hereditary disease that can be particularly tragic is cystic fibrosis.
Without the founding fathers, the Unites States and current nation would not be what it is today. They contributed to the development of independence, and wrote several important documents, including “Declaration of Independence” and “Constitutions”. The founding fathers realized that a group of people is stronger than an individual self, and the importance of equal rights for all citizens to unite the whole nation. They have also established rules for government not to interfere with citizens as government wants. Unlike before, American citizens can vote now, get the job that they qualified for and have equal rights due to the rules that the founding father made for the citizens of the United States. The founding fathers united Americans,
As a Cystic Fibrosis patient, my day consists of multiple different medications and treatments that must be done diligently for me live a healthy life. I set up a schedule for medication and treatments weekly to assure that they are taken as prescribed. However, life can become very chaotic some days for anybody, especially a cystic fibrosis patient causing a skip or delay of medications or treatments. If there is a persistent skipping of medications and treatments, overtime there will be gradual decrease in the patients’ health. This decrease can lead to exacerbations which consist of at best days in the hospital and IV antibiotics or can develop into other related conditions. The more frequent a patient is non-compliant with their medications
Cystic fibrosis is a chronic, inherited, life threatening disease that affects organs in the body, because of sticky and thick mucus buildup on organs. The organs that are affected are the liver, lungs, pancreas, and intestine, which does damage to the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems (Crosta). Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in a gene called cystic fibrosis trans-membrane regulator, also called CFTR, which has an important function of creating sweat, mucus and digestive juices (Crostra).