Introduction
The global oil and gas demand is rising dramatically and explorations of new oil and gas fields became one of major concern in the world. As a result of this, it has been evaluated that, the arctic region, mostly offshore, holds as much as 25% of the world’s unrecovered reserve of hydrocarbons where much of the reserve is lying under seasonal or year-round sea ice. So, future gas and oil production from the Arctic region may be played a crucial role in gas and oil industry. But any development in this arctic region deals with high level of risks and uncertainties. So, lot of research works are required to reveal effective and environmentally sound drilling and supplementary operations in the arctic region under the most extreme geographic and climate conditions.
Once a discovery has been made, main concern shifts to identify the oil and gas extraction and export technologies that are suitable for arctic regions. The main possibilities include oil tankers, pipeline export or a combination. Since shuttle tanker transportation may not be in the presence of extreme sea ice conditions and a good alternative may be pipeline exportation.
Pipeline may experience with high loadings that may be induced by ice gouging or scour, permafrost thaw settlement, strudel scour and upheaval buckling. Not only that, it may have to span uneven seabed features.
Trenching to reasonable depth where the pipeline and surrounding soil can sustain the imposed loads and stresses is typically considered the most effective solution. Pipelines should be buried a depth which is greater than maximum gouge depth expected over the pipelines design life to protect the pipeline from the ice gouging or scouring threat. Recent research studies have reveal...
... middle of paper ...
...chanics, Delft University of technology.
King, T., 2011, “Protection of Pipelines from Ice Gouging”, The Journal of Pipeline Engineering”, 2nd Quarter.
Machin, J., 2011, “The Arctic region from a trenching perspective”, The Journal of Pipeline Engineering, 2nd Quarter.
Palmer, A., 2000, “Are we ready to Construct Submarine Pipelines in the Arctic?” Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, May.
Palmer, C., King, A. (2004), Subsea Pipeline Engineering, Tulsa, Okla: Pennwell Corporation.
Palmer, C., King, A. (2008), Subsea Pipeline Engineering, 2nd edition, Tulsa, Okla: Pennwell Corporation,
Surkov, G., Truskov, P., Zemluk, S., Polomoshnov, A. and Astafyev, S., 2000, “Choosing Optimum Underwater Pipeline Burial Profile on Northeast Sakhalin Shelf”. Proceedings of the 2nd Ice Scour & Arctic Marine Pipelines Workshop, Mombetsu, Japan, February 2000, pp 207-216.
would have the capacity to transport 525,000 barrels of oil per day. The project would
This is a report based on three days of observations and testing in the region known as the Peterborough drumlin field. It will address a variety of regional elements, such as climate, soil, vegetation, hydrology, geomorphology, and geology. A variety of sites located on the Canadian Shield, the zone of thick glacial deposits to the south, and the transition between them will be the focus of the report. It is supplemented with previous research on the region. September 8, 1999, day one of the field study involved an area of largely granite bedrock that is part of the Canadian Shield and is the most northern point of study (see Map 2). September 9, 1999, day two, involved three main areas of study: the Bridgenorth esker (Map 3), Mark S. Burnham Park (Map 4), and the Rice Lake drumlin (Map 6). These sites are in areas of thick glacial deposits. September 10, 1999, day three, involved studying the Warsaw Caves (see Map 5) as a transition zone between Precambrian Shield rock to the north and Paleozoic rock to the south. A general map of the entire study region is provided by Map 1.
Drilling for oil in Alaska will cause the environment and animals to suffer. Oil drilling in Alaska started in 1980 when America found itself in an oil crisis. So a solution for this crisis was to start drilling for oil in other locations. The largest oil field in North America was in Prudhoe Bay on the north coast of Alaska. Prudhoe Bay would soon account for 20% of all domestic U.S. oil production. Despite the oil crisis in 1980, Congress formed a wildlife reserve just east of Prudhoe Bay. it was called The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge(ANWR). Document A.
The Alberta tar sands have the second largest oil reserves in the entire world, only smaller than Saudi Arabia’s oil reserves. This vast supply of oil has created a large interest in the extraction and then production of different types of oil in Canada. The tar sands are believed to hold around 174.5 billion barrels of oil. The estimates are across the board but if it is true, the oil industry in Canada would become its largest export and substantially boost the economy. The tar sands were producing 53% of Canada’s oil output, but by the end of this year it will be around 83%. This number could increase to 99%, if the tar sands are fully taken advantage of. The extraction of oil has already begun and covers around 602 square kilometers of land. The problem is that ...
The Keystone XL Pipeline is a proposed pipeline project, by TransCanada Pipelines Limited, involving the transportation of up to 830,000 barrels of oil per day from Alberta, Canada to the Gulf of Mexico area in Texas. “The United States portion of the pipeline would begin near Morgan, Montana, at the international border of the United States and extend to delivery points in Nederland and Moore Junction, Texas. There would also be a delivery point at Cushing, Oklahoma” (Environmental 5). The delivery points would grant access to multiple other pipelines and refineries located all around the United States. “The Keystone XL pipeline would consist of approximately 1,711 miles of new 36-inch-diameter pipeline, with approximately 327 miles of pipeline
The Keystone XL Pipeline Imagine the world not as how it is now, but as how people wish it could be. There is no pollution, everyone has a job, the world is at peace and a safe place to live, and most importantly, everyone is happy. This is but a mere dream. Now open your eyes and look at it. See the reality of what the world truly is: we are intentionally hurting the environment, many people in the world are unemployed, many different countries are at war and people are dying because of it.
Macfarlane, Daniel. "Rapid Changes: Canada and the St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project." University of Waterloo. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2013. .
... If you could provide me with the paragraph, I would be happy to edit it for you. Phase Two of the pipeline is relatively short compared to the rest of the project, as it is only 291 miles long. The main purpose of Phase Two was to route oil from Steele City in Nebraska, through Kansas, and finally down to Cushing, Oklahoma. The construction of the second phase was completed in February 2011.
..."Alaska Oil Spill Fuels Concerns Over Arctic Wildlife, Future Drilling." National Geographic News. 20 Mar. 2006. Web. 3 July 2010.
They felt they haven't been "properly consulted", and they felt none of their concerns were met with any real analysis or consideration. The People of Plateau are going to challenge it through legal remedies. Even though, some of First Nations have signed a mutual-benefit agreements with the owner of the pipeline. The People of Plateau and the people of other First Nations was looking for a degree of respect that is so far absent from the federal and provincial governments as well as Kinder Morgan, the owner of the
Frost line is underground water in soil is expected to freeze. The depth is mostly depends on the location of the weather conditions in the area. When frost heave it can damage the building by moving location of the foundations. Foundations are expected to build under the frost depth. The building code requires for the northern five feet.
Rock and fluid properties are the building blocks in any reservoir engineering study that lead to the formulation of a successful reservoir management strategy. Sometimes the study involves the estimation of oil and gas reserves based on a simple analytical approach, as demonstrated in this chapter. On a separate note, performance prediction of oil and gas reservoir is done by multidimensional simulation models and robust multiphase. Regardless of the study and related complexity, the reservoir engineer must have a sound understanding of the rock properties involved. What is more important is the knowledge of the variability of rock properties throughout the reservoir and how heterogeneous reservoirs perform in the real world. It is a common observation that rock properties vary from one location to another in the reservoir, often impacting reservoir performance. Some reservoir analyses are based on the assumption that a reservoir is homogeneous and isotropic, implying that the rock properties are nonvariant and uniform in all directions. In fact these conditions are so idealized that are rarely met in the field. Various geologic and geochemical processes leave imprints on a reservoir over millions of years, leading to the occurrence of reservoir heterogeneities that are largely unknown prior to oil and gas production. For example, the occurrence...
ADCOP – Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Pipeline Project." IPIC. N.p., 2014. Web. 13 May 2014.
Prowell, B. D., & Franklin, A. G. (1995). Evaluation of cold mixes for winter pothole repair. Charlottesville, Va.: Virginia Transportation Research Council.
Peaford, A. (2002, July 26). IceHawk Gives Clear Picture to Potential Icing Problems. Flight Daily News. Retrieved February 18, 2005 from http://www.flightdailynews.com/farnborough2002/07_26/hall/icehawk.shtm