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Industrialization impact on the environment
Industrialization impact on the environment
Industrialization impact on the environment
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Pierre Shale
Introduction:
Millions of years ago, the earth had a different geographical look and the seas covered vast quantities of land that can now be seen. Many present day coastlines were completely submerged and the waters invaded deep into continents making vast portions of the landmasses an aquatic environment. These aquatic environments supported many different types of living creatures, from large mammals all the way down to plankton, algae, and microscopic organisms like bacteria and such. As time went on and these bodies of water subsided, they left an organic layer that covered the geographic area where it was. This organic matter, overtime, would eventually get covered up and it would form different layers of the earth. Many
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They wanted to try to develop a water-based mud that would not have a strong effect on the Pierre shale and would be environmental friendly to dispose of the cuttings. They studied the PDC bits in order to help the drilling rates while drilling through this troublesome shale. They performed the project with two 8 1/2 –in PDC drill bits and nine different types of drilling fluids. Two of the drilling fluids were oil based while seven of the drilling fluids were water based. The different types of drilling fluids can be seen in figure two. The cores used for the experiment came from outcrops of the Pierre shale in Colorado and they were preserved in diesel oil in order to make the shale fully saturated during the experiment and this would model a soft formation where bit balling would be prevalent [5]. The two experimenters also used two types of PDC bits for the experiment; a steel-body ribbed PDC and a matrix-body bladed PDC bit. Hemphill and Clark ran many different tests changing the flow rate, weight on bit, drilling fluids, and the two different drill bits. They first concluded that the two different bits had different penetration rates for the Pierre shale. The matrix bodied bladed bit drilled faster than the steel body bladed bit in all of the mud samples …show more content…
This is prevalent in many present day drilling operations. Oil based mud can be scientifically altered so well to match the formations being drilled in, that it lessens the likely hood of bit balling or slow penetration rates. They did find that the water-based mud that had the cationic polymer in it, exhibited the highest rate of penetration of all the water-based mud in every tests
purpose we use this for is to drill wells into so that we may obtain the water that
Jacques Louis David was a french painter and artist who primarily focused his work on Neoclassicism. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, David's artwork flourished in France and became well known after a while. David used several different techniques and styles of art in his time, but he mastered a style of rigorous contours, sculpted forms in his paintings, and polished surfaces. He mainly painted in the service of royalty, radical revolutionaries, and an emperor. Even though his political allegiances shifted, he kept his art techniques faithful to the principles of Neoclassicism. Jacques Louis David intrigues the viewers attention by exaggerating the actions and movement of the people displayed
There are a number of points at which Fox talks about how fracture fluid contains a mix of over 596 chemicals and how they are undisclosed because they are considered proprietary. Not only do individual states mandate the full public disclosure of fluid additives, but the federal government does as well, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that this information be kept at all well sites (Energy In Depth). Since then, it has been proven that fracture fluid is comprised almost entirely of water and sand, and typically containing less than one percent of an average of 12 components, most of which can be found around the house. Additionally, oil and gas is not the only use of fracturing, as it has also been used to access sources of water and geothermal
Richard Taylor was a Confederate soldier. He followed after his dad’s footsteps and became a great man and one that many will remember. He made the Confederates proud by leading them to a lot of victories.
plants and animals piled up into thick layers. This stuff is called organic material (it was
Before this breakthrough no one could have thought that life occurred so amazingly early, that Earth was inhabited by a huge array of tiny life forms throughout the first four-fifths of it’s existence, and no one deduced that evolution itself evolved over geologic time. All of geological time, the total history of the earth, is divided into major eras and eons. The Precambrian eon marks the approximate age of the earth and spans a time of 4.6 billion years ago to 523 million years ago. This era is known to include approximately 90% of geologic time and covers 4 billion years of Earth history. The time period is not extremely well known or completely understood because rocks from this era are poorly exposed, many rocks have been eroded or metamorphosed, most are buried deep beneath younger rocks and fossils from this time period and are seldom found.
One of the biggest natural resources used in fracking is water. On average, around one to eight million gallons of water are used on a fracture job. There are also around 500,000 active fracture sites around the world and each site can be fractured around 18 times. This means that roughly 72 trill...
Audesirk, T. (2003). Life on Earth. In (Ed.), (3rd ed., pp. 581-620). New York: Pearson Custom Publishing - Prentice Hall, Inc..
Philippe Petit changed numerous peoples’ thoughts about the Twin Towers when he performed his high wire walk between them in 1974. Before Philippe Petit walked the high wire between the Twin Towers in 1974, people weren’t certain how they felt about the construction of the World Trade Center. After Philippe performed, people began to warm up to the idea of the towers. Philippe Petit walked the high wire between the Twin Towers on August 7, 1974. This event prompted Andrew McMahon to write the song “Platform Fire” about this event for his band, Jack’s Mannequin. This song was not a hit for the band; however, fans of Jack’s Mannequin seem to have a special place in their heart for it.
Around the world, countries are dependent on oil and more often than not, foreign oil. The U.S. is at a time where they believe buying foreign oil supports terrorism and hurts our economy. Shale formations deep underground that spread all over the U.S. have been found to contain natural gas. This includes the Marcellus Shale formation and the Utica Shale formation, which can be found all throughout New York State and down the East Coast (Hydro-Fracking pg.1). To get at this abundance of gas underground, hydraulic fracturing was invented, but this new method of gas extraction safe for the environment and for the people around it?
Surface: Earth probably has the most unique surface with all its various landmasses and water systems. It also has polar caps, volcanoes, and continents that have trees and living organisms moving about on its surface. Much of the tectonic activity on Earth created new landforms and changed other landmasses.
The intended use of the drill bits is quite easy to understand. Like the drill bits in found in a simple hand drill, all drill bits are intended to make a hole. The major difference being that you are drilling in rock formations and the hole is 5-30 inches in diameter. These are the two main factors in determining which type of drill bit that should be selected. There are many categories and sub categories of drill bits that drill into rock formations. However, in the modern oilfield the most commonly used type of bit is the rotary drill bit. There are two main types or rotary drill bits, drag bits, and rolling cutter bits.
Continental drifting is driven by the interaction between the oceans and the hot interior of Earth. Therefore, without oceans there would be no continents and no continental drifting and therefore, no new formation of oceans, no earthquakes or tsunamis. If this cycle did not happen, no new species would have evolved or no natural formation would occur. This shows us the importance of continental drifting and events occurring with it (McCarthy and Rubidge, 2005).
in order to ascertain how it brought about Earth's thriving ecosystem and how important it
Drilling is a very significant and common activity which is used in many fields and industries in our everyday life; such as oil drilling and construction. Drilling requires large mechanical devices that dig deep into the ground and sometimes through several layers of rock and mineral. Drilling machines have a rotating mechanical tool attached to them known as drill bits which are used to cut and remove materials in order to penetrate deep below the ground. Drill bits come in different shapes, materials and sizes, and can create different kinds of holes in many different materials. Because of their vital role in drilling, it is hence very important that the material of the drill bits is strong. A common material for drill bits is steel. However, they proved to be inefficient as they have difficulty going through hard rocks because the metal is not strong enough. Moreover, they tend to overheat and collapse when used for a period of time. This is because the Metals are better conductors of heat than any other solids, as the electrons