Physics of a Car
The average driver doesn’t think about what keeps their car moving or what keeps them on the road, but that’s because they don’t have to. The average driver doesn’t have to worry about having enough downforce to keep them on the road or if they will reach the adhesive limit of their car’s tires around a turn. These are the things are the car designers, professional drivers, racing pit crews, serious sports car owners, and physicist think about. Physics are an important part of every sports and racing car design. The stylish curves and ground effects on sports cars are usually there not just for form but function as well allowing you to go speeds over 140 mph in most serious sports cars and remain on the road and in reasonable control.
The aerodynamic efficiency is the single most important element in designing a competitive car for professional racing or getting the car model on the front of a Car and Driver or Motortrend. Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of gases on objects and the forces created by this motion. The Bernoulli effect is one of the most important behind car design. The Bernoulli Effect states that the pressure of a fluid, in gaseous or liquid state, varies inversely with speed or velocity and a slower moving fluid will exert more pressure on and object than the same fluid moving slower (Yager). The goal of car designers is to make the air passing under a car move faster than the air passing over the car. This causes the air passing over the car to create more downforce than the air passing under the car creates upforce creating a force additional to the car’s weight pushing the car to the road. Large amounts of downforce are needed to keep light cars grounded at high speed and keep to cars from sliding around turns at high speeds.
The Venturi Effect is also an important in aerodynamic design. The Venturi Effect states that as a fluid, in gaseous or liquid state passes through a narrow space its speed increases (Yager). This is the reasoning behind keeping cars as close to the ground as they can be safely. The narrow space between the car and the ground increases the speed of the air flowing beneath it causing a decrease in pressure to do the Bernoulli Effect and increase in downforce. The Venturi Effect is the reason for front ground effects, which feature small air ducts or venturi tunnels.
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...both worlds for its purpose, the dragster. The Dragster has extremely wide rear tires for acceleration and to keep it going straight. The dragster has extremely thin tires in the front to reduce rolling resistance and because handling is not a concern the car goes in a straight line it does not need to turn.
In order to have a fast and efficient car all these things I have discussed need to be taken into consideration. A fast car should be designed with aerodynamic surfaces for a balance of maximum production of downforce and minimum drag creating surfaces. It should have as small an engine as possible to reduce mass and reduce the necessary size of the frontal area, but a large enough engine to be able to produce enough horsepower to be able to create more force than the resistance the car faces to accelerate and enough to balance with those forces at high speeds. The tires should be wide enough for fast acceleration and good cornering but not so wide it creates large amounts of rolling resistance. Your overall best example of such a car would be formula one races or Indy cars because they have to have good handling, fast acceleration and reach and maintain high speeds.
Due to the growing prevalence of stock car racing, muscle cars came into power during the 1960s, which has become known as the Golden Age of Muscle. Lasting from 1960 to 1972, muscle cars enjoyed over a decade of power, and, regrettably, a four decade hibernation. In the past six years, muscle cars have reemerged in the form of the Charger, Challenger, Mustang, and Camaro. The new cars’ styling pays tribute to their Golden Age predecessors. This is the new muscle car age, with competition and corporate pride higher than ever.
For a Racing car, the design fetures are pretty much different from normal, civilian cars. Civilian cars and family saloons dont have much to prove on the speed factor. But racing cars have a lot to show themselves upto in the speed front. There are a lotta different chunks of the total package that are to be designed with precision engineering and innovation.
Unlike most women of her time, Elizabeth demanded unquestioned sovereignty. As evidenced by the excerpt from The Second Book of Homilies, a woman’s role in the household during Elizabeth’s time was essentially that of a servant, yielding to her husband’s every demand while not voicing any opinion of her own (Doc. 5). To separate herself from this feminine “trait,” Elizabeth reversed roles, asserting herself as the “husband” of the English household by demanding obedience. One example of Elizabeth’s assertion of power was her sharp rebuke of Parliament in 1566, in which she claimed that its decisions had no weight without her approval (Doc. 6). Similarly, the temperamental queen frequently yelled at or punished her advisors if she found their ideas disagreeable. The Act of Supremacy of 1559 affirmed Elizabeth’s authority; in it, she was declared to be the ultimate ruler of both church and state (Doc. 3).
Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of fluids in the gas state and bodies in motion relative to the fluid/air. In other words the study of aerodynamics is the study of fluid dynamics specifically relating to air or the gas state of matter.
The world of technology is ever changing and advancing. With the automotive industry in play technology is constantly surpassing what is available today with what can be done for tomorrow. Technology and the automotive industry go hand in hand with constant improvement to components of cars. Due to technology advancement there is competition within the car industry, especially between American car companies and European car companies. European car companies provide their buyers with innovative variety and revolutionary luxuries. European car technology is superior to American car technology due to their safety, entertainment, and luxury features.
Streamlining a vehicle means reducing the drag of the vehicle traveling through the air. This is done two ways: one is making the surfaces in contact with the air as smooth as possible. The second way is decreasing the size of the car. This is due to the fact that DRAG = ½DρAυ²; where D is a drag coefficient (which is dependent on the smoothness of the material), ρ is the density of air, υ is the velocity traveling through the air, and A is the cross-sectional area of the vehicle. By reducing the cross-sectional area of the vehicle, vehicles can have less drag and in turn drive faster. As mentioned before, the drag coefficient is related to how smooth the material is that the air is traveling over.
What is aerodynamics? The word comes from two Greek words aerios concerning the air, and dynamis, meaning powerful. Aerodynamics is the study of forces and the resulting motion of objects through the air. Humans have been interested in aerodynamics and flying for thousands of years, although flying in a heavier-than-air machine has been possible only in the last hundred years. Aerodynamics affects the motion of a large airliner, a model rocket, a beach ball thrown near the shore, or a kite flying high overhead. The curve ball thrown by big league baseball pitchers gets its curve from aerodynamics.
Now To talk about the forces that allow the car to move. There are two main aerodynamic forces acting on any object moving through the air. Lift is a force that acts 90° to the direction of travel of an object. Usually we think of lift when we think of an airplane. The plane travels forward (horizontally), and lift acts 90° to that motion of travel –
Driving has been around for just over 100 years, but the first thoughts of physics has been around since 400 BC (to be edited ). Driving safety implications have been discussed and improved over the decades as technology begins to leap ahead of its time. According to physician; Newton, there are three laws of motion that is now used in everyday life to try and help prevent deaths due to driving implications. The first law is “An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon on by an unbalanced force.” The object, or Car is in motion continues its motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. The second law is “Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass.” While the third Law of Motion is : “ For every action there is an equal and opposite re-action.This means that for every force there is a reaction force that is equal in size, but opposite in direction.”
Cognitive-behavioural therapy, or as it is commonly referred throughout literature CBT is an integration of Ellis’ (1996) Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) and Becks’ Cognitive Therapy (1976). CBT regards a variety of interventions that share the same basic assumption that mental disorders and psychological distress are sustained by cognitive factors. The central idea of this psychotherapy approach is that maladaptive cognitions contribute to the maintenance of emotional distress and consequently behavioural problems (Beck, 1970; Eliis, 1962). We, as humans, gather information in our brain in certain patterns or schemas that contain general knowledge about that world and the person themselves and these schemas are used to interpret, select and reduce
Modern CBT has been influenced by two major therapeutic approaches: firstly, ‘Behaviour Therapy’ as developed by Wolpe and others in 1950s and 1960s; and secondly, ‘Cognitive Therapy’ which was developed by A.T. Beck in the 1960s. As defined by Emery & Tracy (1987), CBT is “a series of strategies that relieve psychological suffering by correcting distorted and maladaptive thinking. The therapy is based on a theory of psychopathology that recognises the reciprocal interrelationship among the cognitive, behavioural, somatic and emotional systems”. Although CBT is often referred to as a unitary treatment, it is actually a diverse collection of complex and subtle interventions that must each be mastered and understood from the social learning perspective (Reinecke, Dattilio, & Freeman, 2003).
Cognitive behavioral therapy is a therapy that integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques and that’s based on the assumption that thoughts, moods, and behaviors are interrelated. Thus, changes in thought patterns will affect moods and behaviors and changes in behavior will affect moods and thoughts. Along with challenging maladaptive beliefs and substituting more adaptive cognitions, the therapist uses behavior modification, shaping, reinforcement, and modeling to teach problem solving and to change unhealthy behavior patterns. The hallmark of cognitive behavioral therapy is its pragmatic approach. Therapists design an integrated treatment plan, utilizing the techniques that are most appropriate for specific problems.
It affects a rubber band airplane with gravity and itself because it helps the plane be balanced on the top and bottom. Bernoulli's Principle and Angle of Attack are both factors in lift. Bernoulli's Principle states: that as there is an increase in velocity the air pressure will decrease. Bernoulli's Principle relates to the lift of an airplane because the velocity on top of the wing moves faster than the underside which creates a vacuum on the top side of the wing and creates lift. The other factor of lift is Angle of Attack which is the angle from horizontal to the chord line. This creates lift because the air hitting the bottom of the airfoil pushes the wing upward. For example, when you stick your hand out of a car window and then tilt it you are changing your Angle of
Nowadays in the rea of globalization, according to the World Tourism Organization, “seven hundred million people travelled abroad in 2003”, and the number is estimated to increase to 1.6 billion by 2020. (International Labour Organization, 2005). Tourism is spreading in unusual places. A lot of people want to be in the midst of adventure. It is a vital source of revenues for the GDP of many countries. I partially agree that tourism hugely benefits the local community. This essay will discuss some of the economic, social and environment effect of tourism on the host community.
At the present time, one of the inseparable parts of the economic growth is considered as tourism industry. Commonly, tourism is the movement of people to other places for business or leisure purposes as well as covers their activities. Holloway and Humphreys defines that the places where tourists come and spend their money are called as “tourist destinations” in other words “receiving areas”. Many countries have been improving tourism to overcome economic difficulties since it is growing fast. The industry activities have been demonstrated a general positive trend in the economy and it has already become the inherent part of economic development. In host countries, tourism has led to such positive consequences as the improved infrastructure,