CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The literature review begins with the background of architectural model followed by the academic and observed discussions of the topic as well as a summary of some major findings.
2.2 Building Physical Architectural Models
Physical architectural models are types of scale models, a physical image of a structure, put together to study aspects of an architectural design or to talk design ideas.
Subject upon the purpose, models can be made from a variety of materials, including blocks, paper and wood, and at a variety of scales.
2.3 Purpose of Physical Architectural Models
Architectural models are tools used by architects for a variety of purposes. Their purpose is meant for the architect to use
…show more content…
girders, beams), siding, furniture, figures (people), vehicles, trees, bushes and other features which are found in the models. Features such as vehicles, people figurines, trees, street lights and other are called “scenery elements” and serve not only to beautify the model, but also to help the observer to obtain a correct feel of scale and proportions represented by the model. Increasingly, rapid prototyping and solid freeform fabrication (3D printing) are used to automatically construct models straight from CAD plans, (Borson, 2013)
2.3.3 Scales used for Physical Architectural Models
Architectural models as we are being constructed at much smaller scale than their 1:1 counterpart. Once the decision for what the model needs to illustrate, the next step is choosing the appropriate scale. The scales and their architectural purpose is illustrated as follows:
• 1:1 is said to be a life size model, full (or real) size with the purpose for showing details
• 1:2 purpose for showing details
• 1:5 purpose for showing
…show more content…
In computing we are used primarily to sketches, engineering drawings, and diagrams. But in other restraints a much wider range of demonstrations are employed, often in parallel, not competing, but complementing each other. For instance, within the architectural practice relevant representational forms encompass conceptual models plans, diagrams, sketches, and models of different sizes and materials. In design, interests are put in the actual building and construction process, and it is an experience that scale models addresses issues like buildability and economy. This is because different techniques of representation and different media allow the exploration of different aspects of a design idea. 3D block models are used as an exact representation of the proposal. The scale models imitates the building process, (LETH & GORI architectural firm, 2014). Whilst essentially being produced for the client, the designers will make subtle design decisions as the block model is produced. By undertaking or closely overseeing block model production, the individual designer can maintain the interactive inputs necessary to ensure a successful outcome. Although important to an entire team, the marketer is particularly interested in the block model. They do not believe in images. In other words, they only trust the quality of the
Lawson, Bryan. How Designers Think: The Design Process Demystified. 4th ed. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2006.
This explains why for ‘many directors, commercial and industrial architecture are just a necessary shell for their business processes’ (Susanne-Knittel Ammerschuber (2006) pg10). They consider dimensions for example surfaces, floor levels and converted space to be the stand out feature of this corporate architecture. Through doing this, the architectural ethos is overlooked during design. The architectural potential is therefore limited as it tends to overlook the surrounding context; the urban environment, local identity as well as the surrounding landscape design. Instead it...
are used as the integral components of the architectural design, this reflecting a conceptual cohesion that is missed in previous architecture.
Pikas, E. (2013). Building information modeling dcation for construction engineeng and managemet. ii; procedures and implementaion case stdy. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139(11), 04013016-1 - 04013014-11.
To understand the role of place in architecture, the author compares architecture to language. Language has patterns and arrangements, architecture relates directly to what humans do. It changes or evolves as
After completion of this step the architects use the surveying drawing to develop a working drawing for the building. In these drawing you will see triangles, rectangles, squares, arches and other geometry shapes and forms to create their design. The architects through our history have used these shapes to create famous structures all over the world. If you go back to Roman historical sites you will see such examples like the great Coliseum. A great example can be seen is the famous Egyptian pyramid. Some other famous structures are the Eiffel Tower which is in Italy, and Chrysler building in New York. If you look around your neighborhood houses, you will see these shapes.
Models are thought to be used effectively in natural sciences to visually display concepts and information as illustrations, graphs, and diagrams. In natural sciences when we come up with a theory, to investigate the validity of a theory we create models and designs which are tested out in an experiment. This experiment is based of of models and designs which can be recreated to give same results and explain the experiment and theory in relation to the model. However, in some cases models can help to little avail.
Renzo respects that is it important to not become self referential with design. Therefore, to truly understand the reality of a city, Renzo will never accept a new job without visiting the space first. This is to find the fundamental emotions, which he states is the true source of inspiration (Archinect, 2006). Furthermore, Renzo and his team will make hundreds of models after research to test their theories. “Versions enable us to understand how the pieces will work with each other”, Renzo once said (BMIAA, 2015).
It is normally done in three steps as Designing, Printing, and Finishing. The designing part is done by using Computer aided design (CAD). Then Virtual Reality Modelling Language (VRML) files are sent for the input of 3D Printers.
The physical- financial entity is a balance of two different components working towards the same common goal. Each one has their areas of focus and attributes to contribute to the project. If one has more influence than the other, an imbalance could occur and result in problems with the development and its success. The physical side must work with the architects, engineers, and construction team to create the schematic design and budget possibilities for the project in the predevelopment stage. This will include alternatives and rough preliminary designs. When the development moves over to the document development stage, they become responsible for the construction documents, budgeting, and schedules for the actual construction of the project. The financial side of the development involves the business side of the project. This is where the market and marketability studies will be conducted and various feasibility and investment analysis reports will be submitted. The financial entity of the development will continue to work through the predevelopment and document development stages to put forth the best suited analysis for the market, feasibility, and marketability studies.
There are 25 major specialties in engineering that are recognized by professional societies. In any one of those 25 specialties, the goal of the engineer is the same. The goal is to be able to come up with a cost effective design that aids people in the tasks they face each day. Whether it be the coffee machine in the morning or the roads and highways we travel, or even the cars we travel in, it was all an idea that started with an engineer. Someone engineered each idea to make it the best solution to a problem. Even though engineer’s goals are similar, there are many different things that engineers do within their selected field of engineering. This paper will focus on the architectural field of engineering.
Jencks believes “the glass-and-steel box has become the single most used form in Modern Architecture and it signifies throughout the world ‘office building’” (27). Thus, modern architecture is univalent in terms of form, in other words it is designed around one out of a few basic values using a limited number of materials and right angles. In...
The first perspective to be discussed is the structural-functional perspective. According to Macionis, structural-functional approach is a framework for building theory that
Architectural design today has moved from designing by hand to designing with several different software programs that have made the job much easier. Two of the main programs in many architectural firms today are AutoCAD2000 and ArchiCAD 6.5. Both are very productive design tools but each has its own defects in certain areas of the design process.
There are many different ways to define an architecture as they can take many forms, including logical views, scenarios (or sequence diagrams), physical views and deployment views. Each view provides a specific type of information within the diagram and is directed to a certain audience, including Web architects, data architects, application architects and end users.