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Research abstract on infant mortality
Research abstract on infant mortality
Research abstract on infant mortality
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Perinatal mortality refers to the no of deaths in the first week of life and no of fetal deaths (stillbirths). Causes and determinants of neonatal deaths and stillbirths differ from those causing and contributing to post neonatal and child deaths. Neonatal deaths and stillbirths stem from poor maternal health, inadequate care during pregnancy, inappropriate management of complications during pregnancy and delivery, poor hygiene during delivery and the first critical hours after birth, and lack of newborn care. Several factors such as women’s status in society, their nutritional status at the time of conception, early childbearing, too many closely spaced pregnancies and harmful practices, such as inadequate cord care, letting the baby stay wet and cold, discarding colostrum and feeding other food, are deeply rooted in the …show more content…
Many communities have adapted to this situation by not recognizing the birth as complete, and by not naming the child, until the newborn infant has survived the initial period. Health workers at primary and secondary level of care often lack the skills to meet the needs of newborn infants, since the recognition of opportunity is only just emerging in countries, and their experience in this area is therefore limited. 2.1 Neonatal deaths Babies die after birth because they are severely malformed, are born very prematurely, suffer from obstetric complications before or during birth, have difficulty adapting to extrauterine life, or because of harmful practices after birth that lead to infections. Around 1% of infants have a major congenital anomaly. These anomalies are more common in developing than in developed countries, especially those caused by diseases such as syphilis, or by nutrient deficiency, which leads to neural tube defects and cretinism. Low birth weight has long been debated as one of the causes of neonatal
Infant mortality is considered a worldwide indicator of a nation’s health status. The United States still ranks 24th in infant mortality compared with other industrialized nations, even though infant mortality has declined steadily over the past several decades. Compared with the national average in 1996 of 7.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, the largest disparity is among blacks with a death rate of 14.2 per 1,000 in 1996 which is almost 2½ times that of white infants (6 deaths per 1,000 in 1996). American Indians as a whole have an infant death rate of 9 deaths per 1,000 in 1995, but some Indian communities have an infant mortality rate almost twice that of the national rate. The same applies to the Hispanic community, whose rate of 7.6 deaths per 1,000 births in 1995 doesn’t reflect the Puerto Rican community, whose rate was 8.9 deaths per 1,000 births in 1995.
Neonatal nursing is a field of nursing designed especially for both newborns and infants up to 28 days old. The term neonatal comes from neo, "new", and natal, "pertaining to birth or origin”. Neonatal nurses are a vital part of the neonatal care team. These are trained professionals who concentrate on ensuring that the newborn infants under their care are able to survive whatever potential life threatening event they encounter. They treat infants that are born with a variety of life threatening issues that include instances of prematurity, congenital birth defects, surgery related problems, cardiac malformations, severe burns, or acute infection. Neonatal care in hospitals was always done by the nursing staff but it did not officially become a specialized medical field until well into 1960s. This was due to the numerous advancements in both medical care training and related technology that allowed for the improved treatment and survival rate of premature babies. According to the March of Dimes, one of every thirteen babies born in the United States annually suffers from low birth weight. This is a leading cause in 65% of infant deaths. Therefore, nurses play a very important role in providing round the clock care for these infants, those born with birth defects or other life threatening illness. In addition, these nurses also tend to healthy babies while their mothers recover from the birthing process. Prior to the advent of this specialized nursing field at risk newborn infants were mostly cared for by obstetricians and midwives who had limited resources to help them survive (Meeks 3).
The focus of this paper is to discuss the different characteristics of the two most effective methods of child births: Natural births and Cesarean section (C-section). Child birth includes labor and delivery; the entire process of passage from the womb, to the birth canal, to the outside world. Natural birth is a method of child birth in which medical interventions are minimal and the mother usually practices relaxation and breathing techniques to minimize pain during delivery. Cesarean section (c-section) is a method of birth which involves delivery through incisions in the abdominal walls and uterus. Natural births and C-sections both pose documented medical risks to the mother’s health including infections and other medical mishaps (Rowe- Murray 2002).
According to Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, “In the United States, nearly thirteen percent of babies are born preterm, and many of these babies also have a low birth weight.” The baby may be put into the NICU for varies reasons. However, the most common reason that a child is put into the NICU is because he or she is premature. Premature means the baby was born before the 36 weeks. It is never good for a baby to be born early, as this could mean that the baby is not fully developed. There are other factors as to why a child may need to be put into the NICU after birth. For instance, birth defects can be the cause of why a baby is put into the NICU. A baby may be born with an infection such as herpes or chlamydia which can damage the newborns immune system at such a young age. Low blood sugar or hypoglycemia can also cause an infant to be put into the NICU. Some maternal factors of why a baby may be put into the NICU is if the mother is “younger than 16 or older than 40.” If the parent may be an alcoholic or expose the baby to drugs, this can put the child into NICU care. If the parent has an STD or sexual transmitted disease, the baby is most likely going to have to be put into the intensive care unit. “Twins, triplets, and other multiples are often admitted into the NICU, as they tend to be born earlier and s...
All of the tears, grief, and heartbreak of parents, family, and friends combine to transform into something much greater. Infant mortality is caused by a variety of factors including cultural, environmental, and health issues. In addition, statistics can also be based off geography, poverty, and race. It is evident that some countries, like Finland, are doing much better in their attempts to provide for expecting mothers and their newborns. Unfortunately, some countries just do not have the means to do so, such as
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one out of every eight babies each year in the United States is born premature. This affects approximately 500,000 babies yearly. Premature babies are defined as babies born more than three weeks before the baby’s due date. Full term babies are born at approximately forty weeks, and premature babies are born at less than thirty-seven weeks. In the final months and weeks of pregnancy, important growth and development occur in the fetus. This is why premature babies are considered to be at-risk for a number of issues. The earlier that a baby is born, the baby’s risks drastically increase for developmental issues.
There are main 3 situations with low birth weights. Infants who have their birth weight below 2500g are called as low birth weight. Infants who have their birth weight below 1500g are called as very low birth weight and infants who have their birth weight below 1000g are called as extremely low birth weight. But there are 20 million infants who have low birth weight every year and also considerably high rate of low birth weights are recorded in developing countries and it is 96%. Most of infants with low birth weights have risk of mortality and n...
Low birth weight can be defined as baby born with weight less than 2500g. It is one of the adverse pregnancy results in the world, which is affected to the newborn survival, growth and development. There are categorizes in the low birth weight; very low birth weight which a birth weight is less than 1500g and extremely low birth weight which is a birth weight is less than 1000g. An estimated 18 million babies are born worldwide each year with low birth weight and 9.3 million of them in south Asia. Low birth weight percentage in Sri lanka is 16% and is high in the developing countries. At that time, the low birth weight (LBW) rate for industrialized countries are 5%-7%. In England and Wales, the incidence of low birth weight increased from 6.5 percent in 1980 to 6.7 percent in 1990, while that of very low birth weight increased from 0.78 in 1980 to 0.98 percent in 1990 (and 1.2 percent in 1996 - Masuy-Stroobant and Gourbin, 1995, p. 73; Petrou, 2003, referring to
a baby ranging from low birth weight and abnormalities to death. There are a few government
Birth weight of a child is the first and most important indicator of his/her health condition. Birth weight is the first weight of fetus obtained after birth. But this is a final result of long process which is accomplished by maternal nutrition. Unless child is a preterm baby (born before the end of 3rd trimester) he/she should be averagely more than 2,500g of weight to consider as normal (WHO, 2000).This is not only a risk for under developed or developing countries but affecting to developed countries as well. There are numerous factors affecting this adverse situation. In this document it is going to be discussed thoroughly and widely with some logical solutions which should be ideal to introduce immediately. As concerned above this low birth weight (LBW) issue has caused to many health impairments in latter part of the life. This impaired fetal feeding and the resulting intrauterine growth restriction has being caused for infant mortality by 8-17 % of pregnancies in the developed and developing countries (UNICEF, 2003). Though the child was low in weight he/she may bear many health problems inside the body which are shown at the elderly period. To describe the prevalence of this low birth weight all over the world, the table 01 is given below.
Maternal mortality and morbidity in recent years has become a major deveopmental issue and a matter of concern in many developing countries especially with the passage of the United Nations Millennium development goals. Many countries including Ghana are striving to reach the Millenium Development Goal (MDG) target 5 by 2015. Ghana is one of the sub-Saharan African countries still recording high numbers of maternal mortality and morbidity related issues and this poses a serious challenge for the country in matching towards the attainment of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 target by 2015. The country after fifty-six years of independence is plagued with high number of pregnancy-related deaths due to lack of quality and equitable access to skilled delivery care. The Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 for which Ghana has signed on to aims at reducing maternal mortality ratios by 75% by the year 2015 and to increase the number of skilled attendants at delivery by two-thirds (Millennium Development Goals in Ghana Report, 2010 p.16). The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Ghana acc...
Reddy, U. M., Zhang, J., Sun, L., Chen, Z., Raju, T. N., & Laughon, K. (2012). Neonatal mortality by attempted route of delivery in early preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 207(2). doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.06.023
World Health Organization., 2010. WHO Technical consultation on postpartum and postnatal care. Department of making pregnancy safer. WHO/MPS/10.03.
Most women are not always aware of dangers of pregnancy. Pregnancy is an awesome thing to experience in life; it is one of the most common thing women can experience. However, pregnancy can also be the most dangerous thing. During the time that a woman becomes pregnant it’s very important for her to keep up with her health. There are so many dangers to pregnancy that are not always known until later during the pregnancy. This paper will inform readers about the dangers of pregnancy. Pregnancy can be an awesome experience it also can be some women bad experience. In this paper it informs the readers on some of the research that has taken place during the process of writing this research paper. If you’re pregnant or plan to become pregnant then it’s a great idea to get ahead start of information before birth just so you will have a better understanding about the dangers of pregnancy. While reading this paper the research has shown that pregnancy are not always easy. To who may read this paper I hope that you’ve read the following information and that you have receive a better understanding.
A preterm infant is defined as a baby born alive before 37 weeks of the pregnancy is completed. Low birth weight is defined as an infant weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces at birth. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 15 million babies are born too early every year. That is more than 1 in 10 babies. Almost 1 million children die each year due to complications of preterm birth. Globally, prematurity is the leading cause of death in children under the age of five (5). In almost all countries with reliable data, preterm birth rates are increasing (WHO, 2003).