Introduction
Paramecium are single cell organisms that have randomized motion in aqueous solutions, mainly water based solutions. These cells, like many others, have a permeable membrane that allows certain molecules with a net ionic charge to bypass the membrane which in turn helps the paramecium to create an electrostatic potential difference across their membrane that allows them to swim.
The purpose of this experiment is to measure the effects of KCL on the plasma membranes of paramecium. When the cell is present in a high ionic solution, the cell develops an electric gradient across its membrane that is higher than usual due to the concentration of ions readily available in the solution in which they are in. Exploiting this effect, we then can manipulate the speed and direction of the cell by introducing salts (In our case KCL) to the aqueous solution, then applying an external electric field by using a voltage generator.
Hypothesis
The addition of KCL will increase the swimming speed of the paramecium.
The hypothesis was reached after other groups (including my own) presented their individual experiment using their own salt solution, which lead to the agreed hypothesis presented in this report. Thus, throughout this report I will be referencing the average data that the class
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This is not to be confused with the hypothesis, which specifies the contamination and limits the behavior to the discussion of just the speed. Rather, the focus is on the possible behavior and interaction with other cells and it’s environment; neither limited to speed nor the type of contamination involved. Based on the data we can clearly expect with little doubt that the behavior of the paramecium will be changed due to the presence of the molecules on the basis that speed is affected (in this case either increased or possibly decreased) thus, interaction involving the paramecium is also
Planarians are free-living, carnivorous flatworms found in the Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Turbellaria. Although the Phylum Platyhelminthes is known for having the animals with the most parasitic species, the class Turbellaria which consist of the Planaria, are a non-parasitic species. Platyhelminthes which translates to "flat worm" are triploblastic animals. This means that they have three tissue layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Planaria also are monoecious organisms, meaning that they have both female and male sex organs in one organism. Another characteristic of the Planaria is that they do not have a true body cavity, meaning that they are acoelomate organisms.
Common salt is necessary in everyday lives because it carries vital substances. It also has many uses, but is found to be used in food only one percent of the time (McGrath and Travers, 1999). It is used to clear ice and snow off of roads, during the production of chlorine, in livestock feeding, to preserve foods, and to improve the taste of some foods. (Aasen, et Al 1999).
The experiment is aimed at giving a better understanding of the osmosis process and the different conditions in which osmosis occurs. INTRODUCTION When a cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable, it means that the cell membrane controls what substances pass in and out through the membrane. This characteristic of cell membranes plays a great role in passive transport. Passive transport is the movement of substances across the cell membrane without any input of energy by the cell.
In life, it is critical to understand what substances can permeate the cell membrane. This is important because the substances that are able to permeate the cell membrane can be necessary for the cell to function. Likewise, it is important to have a semi-permeable membrane in the cell due to the fact that it can help guard against harmful items that want to enter the cell. In addition, it is critical to understand how water moves through the cell through osmosis because if solute concentration is unregulated, net osmosis can occur outside or inside the cell, causing issues such as plasmolysis and cytolysis. The plasma membrane of a cell can be modeled various ways, but dialysis tubing is especially helpful to model what substances will diffuse or be transported out of a cell membrane. The experiment seeks to expose what substances would be permeable to the cell membrane through the use of dialysis tubing, starch, glucose, salt, and various solute indicators. However, before analyzing which of the solutes (starch, glucose, and salt) is likely to pass through the membrane, it is critical to understand how the dialysis tubing compares to the cell membrane.
Sordaria fimicola is a species of microscopic fungus that is an Ascomycete and are used to test for genetic variation in the lab setting (Sordaria fimicola: A Fungus used in Genetics, Volk). These organisms are what are called model organisms, or species that has been widely studied usually because it is easy to maintain and breed in a laboratory setting and has particular experimental advantages (Sordaria fimicola, Volk). S. fimicola, because it is in the Ascomycota phylum, have a distinguishing reproductive structure called the ascus, which is surrounded by the perithecium. This cylindrical sac-like structure houses 8 haploid spores; created through meiosis to produce 4 haploid spores and then mitosis to make 8 (Lab Manual, pg. 59-68). Based on the genotype they will vary in order and color. There are 3 different ratios that can arise from the 8 ascospores: 4:4, 2:2:2:2, and 2:4:2 (black/wild type and tan coloration). The 4:4 ratio suggests that no crossing over had occurred because there is no difference in order of the color parents that were mated. The two other ratios suggest genetic recombination, or crossing over, because of the
The medication of paracetamol can be administered in various ways and they are sold in different formulations. The common dosage comes in tablets form of 500 mg, in dispersible fizzy tablets (500 mg) and oral suspensions. It can also be bought in capsules as a mixture with other API like caffeine and codeine.
The purpose of the lab was to be able to see the effect of Triton X – 100 on the viability of Tetrahymena thermophile, a unicellular protozoan. This organism is motile and it uses cilia, which are thick protuberances that project out from the body and beat in rhythmic waves to move around. An advantage to using T. thermophila as the test organism is that the cell can be tested directly, it is also fast, cheap and the toxicants can be added to test viability (Rowan & Goldberg, 1985). This experiment acts as a bioassay, a scientific experiment that measures the effect of toxicants or substances on living organisms (Ward & Codd, 1999). Triton X – 100 is a surfactant that is non-ionic, meaning that it contains a hydrophobic head that is uncharged and a hydrophilic chain (Dayeh et al, 2005).
Activity 3: Investigating Osmosis and Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes. In this activity, through the use of dialysis sacs and varying concentrations of solutions, the movement of water and solutes will be observed through a semipermeable membrane. The gradients at which the solutes NaCl and glucose diffuse is unproportional to any other molecule, therefore they will proceed down their own gradients. However, the same is not true for water, whose concentration gradient is affected by solute ...
The purpose of this lab was to study the response of the genus Daphnia to chemical stimuli and to examine human responses to different stimuli. A stimulus is an incentive; it is the cause of a physical response. Stimuli can have a physical or chemical change; an example of a physical change is a change in temperature and sound. An example of chemical change would be changes in hormone levels and pH levels. Muscular activity or glandular secretions are responses that occurs when stimulus information effects the nervous and/or hormone system. Daphnia is a genus; it is a small crustacean that lives in fresh water. The body of the daphnia is visible and its internal organs are clearly seen thus it was chosen for this exercise. The
The current moves the molecules towards the cathode or anode. The speed of the moving molecules depends on the size, shape, and charge. The properties of the gel will definitely affect the movement. Small molecules are expected to move easily and faster through the pores. Materials and Methods: Experiment: 1st step to make the gel: pour distilled water and agarose in a beaker.
To test this, we set up two experiments. The first experiment we set up had three cups. In each cup a potato slice and a different liquid was put in. In the first cup was filled with distilled water. The second cup was filled with salt water and the third was left empty.
viii. The experiment could have been performed over one a longer period of time day (rather than 14 days), which would have greatly reduced any loss of water from the sodium hydroxide solution, which may have improved results slightly.
= == In my investigation to find out how salt solution concentration affect the mass of potatoes, I will investigate how much the mass of a potato changes if I leave it in a beaker of water with a specified salt concentration for half an hour. I will change the salt concentration after each experiment. Background Knowledge --------------------
Results & Discussion:The actual, theoretical, and percent yield of sodium chloride (NaCl) was found to be 1.14g, .700g, and 61.4%,
PROPER IRRIGATIION CAN PREVENT SALT FROM BUILDING UP BECAUSE THE WATER CAN DRAIN THE SALTS AND SPREAD IT OUT SO THAT THE SALTS AREN’T CONCENTRATED IN ONE AREA!!!