Papaya have become a favourite tropical fruit worldwide, being known for its sweet taste and aromatic undertones. It is fruit of the plant, Carica papaya which belongs to the family Caricaceae. Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a pathogenic plant virus that’s grouped as ‘RNA viruses’ belonging to the the Potiviridae family and Potyvirus Genus PRSV is known to be rod-shaped and between 760–800 nm long. Studies have shown that PRSV could have originated as back as 2000 years ago , yet was only discovered in Hawaii in the late 1930s. The pathogen is grouped into two classifications , PRSV-Papaya(p) which infects both cucurbits and papaya and PRSV-Watermelon(w) which is limited only to cucurbits. The Disease Cycle Epidemiology PRSV-P can infect both Papaya and cucurbits such as watermelon and squash, while PRSV-W can only infect cucurbits. It was found that originally only type-W was present in Australia , while type P was discovered 20 years later. It is believed that PRSV-P originated as a result of mutations in PRSV-W. A Sequence analysis of both types showed that the coding sequence of the coat protein were very similar in both. (SCREENSHOT CITATION) Transmission Plant Viruses don’t produce any specialized structures for propagation or dispersal therefore most plant viruses cannot divide for long periods outside of a host. Transmission can occur via mechanical contact such as plant-to-plant interaction, human handling and through tools used during cultivation. Generally in the field the single most important method of transmission is by the Aphid vector. Aphids feed on plant sap of epidermal cells or phloem via their sucking mouthparts. Essentially when an aphid arrives on a plant, the stylets are inserted into the phloem f... ... middle of paper ... ... have more then one set in place to reduce wait time. Wash hands regularly, or wear gloves, again it slows down but its better then transmitting the disease. Roguing Removing the source of infection by eliminating any infected plants , this will reduce spread via plant-to-plant interaction, and vector interaction. However, this isin’t very practical , as symptoms may take up-to three weeks to appear an by then it would have spread. Netting In Taiwan, papaya plants were covered with netting in-order to ensure that aphids had limited access to the crop , therefore resulting in more healthy produce. This proved to be popular as it was effective against the aphids however the quantity of fruit remained high but the quality had degraded as a result of this limitations imposed by the net. The netting comes with consequences both financially and environmentally.
“Strange Fruit” by Billie Holiday conveys the inhumane, gory lynchings of African-Americans in the American South, and how this highly unnatural act had entrenched itself into the society and culture of the South, almost as if it were an agricultural crop. Although the song did not originate from Holiday, her first performance of it in 1939 in New York City and successive recording of the song became highly popular for their emotional power (“Strange fruit,” 2017). The lyrics in the song highlight the contrast between the natural beauty and apparent sophistication of the agricultural South with the brutal violence of lynchings. Holiday communicates these rather disturbing lyrics through a peculiarly serene vocal delivery, accompanied by a hymn-like
This virus searches for a new vulnerable host in order to survive and carry the disease to the next victim. The critical aspect around the spread of a virus is how drastically the reproduction process occurs. Without being controlled, the contamination throughout any species causes the spread to take place in a toxic way, “On day one, there were two people. And then, four, and then, sixteen. In three months, it’s a billion.
...y infections that could cause short term or long term unneeded damage. For this reason doctors and health care professionals are recommending that all people of all ages to get theses vaccines (University of Maryland Center, 2014). Other ways to prevent this disease are to simply keep clean and be aware of good hand hygiene (University of Maryland Center, 2014). By washing your hands with antimicrobial soap and warm water with friction, most bacteria are killed. Doing this prevents organisms from potentially getting inside your body.
Description: SCP-217 is a virus, incurable by current means, with a rate of infectivity at 100%. It affects all organisms in the
...s simple as washing hands and showering regularly can terminate the chances of coming across this bacteria. Also, doctors encourage special attention given to areas with a broken barrier of protection. These areas are advised to be kept extra clean and away from possible transmitters of Impetigo. (Nemours, 1995-2011)
been previously touched by an infected person, will transmit the disease to the healthy person who
For roughly 30 years the Puna District of Hawaii had been a safe haven from the devastating effects of the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). Suddenly, in the early nineties, 95% of Hawaii's second largest crop became threatened when PRSV arrived in the Puna District (Gonsalves et al. 1998). Researchers at the University of Hawaii and Cornell University had anticipated that this day would come, so in preparation they began developing a PRSV resistant papaya using newly developed genetic engineering techniques. The initial fruit of their labors was "SunUp", a transgenic papaya created using biolistics to insert the coat protein genes from PRSV into a non-transgenic variety of papaya known as "Sunset". As a result of the insertion, SunUp has resistance to PRSV. The next step was "Rainbow", an F1-hybrid derived by crossing the transgenic SunUp papaya with the non-transgenic "Kapoho" papaya. Rainbow combines the PRSV resistance of its transgenic parent with the yellow flesh, preferred by consumers, of its non-transgenic parent.
Pedersen, P. (2007, October 17). Soybean Aphid. Retrieved May 12, 2010, from Iowa State University Soybean Extension and Research Program: http://extension.agron.iastate.edu/soybean/diseases_aphids.html
Hinata Hyuga is a fictional character in the manga Naruto. She is a kunoichi (female ninja) from the fictional village of Konohagakure. Hinata is the eldest of two children of Hiashi Hyuga. She is raised to be the heiress of the Hyuga clan. Growing up Hinata was a well behave child.
The book ‘Pounamu Pounamu’ written by Witi Ihimaera is based upon the Maori community in Waituhi and the important role that they take on, of making sure that their land and identity are protected. Three important short stories that stand out to me in this book are, ‘A Game of Cards’, Fire on Greenstone and ‘In Search of Emerald City’. The short story ‘A Game of Cards showed an important message that death doesn’t have to be an unpleasant event. At the point when Nani Miro is dying, she discharges herself from the chain of pain; she does the things that she was happy in and cherishes doing the most before passing on. She additionally got the time to spent the last days of her existence with her family.
The pneumonic plague is transmitted through any form of infection. There is one to three days inc...
The pomegranate’s medicinal qualities have been known for thousands of years (Rustaiyan, 2013). pomegranate is now widely cultivated in the Mediterranean, tropical and subtropical areas. Botanically, the Punica granatum L. (P. granatum L.) belong to the family of Punicaceae with 2n = 16 or 18 chromosomes. The genus punica is known to include two species P. protopunica and P. granatum (Mars, 2000).
2. Cook, A. A. 1975. Diseases of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits and Nuts, Hafner Press,
There are three genera in the Flaviviridae family (formerly known as group B arboviruses) namely Flavivirus, Pestivirus and Hepacivirus. The dengue virus is a member of the genus Flavivirus which consists of 55 identified virus species (ICTVdB, 2006). The word Flavi is a derivation from the Latin “flavus” which means “yellow” and the type species of the genus is a yellow fever virus (YFV). The flaviviruses are thus named due to the jaundice observed in yellow fever patients. Many flaviviruses are important human pathogens, most notably the dengue viruses, yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). The flaviviruses are predominantly transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks, whereas some have no known vector. Dengue was one of the groups classified when early researchers divided the flaviviruses serologically into eight antigenic complexes using cross-neutralization tests. However, many viruses, for example the prototype of the genus YFV, could not be affiliated with any complexes (Calisher et al., 1989). When sequence data became available, phylogenetic inference from molecular data showed agreement with the antigenic complex classification. In addition, it revealed the ...
The ToLCNDV was first found in India in 1995 and first reported in solanaceae crop. ToLCNDV is a bipartite (more than one genomic components), circular, single stranded DNA genome and affects solanaceae crop around the world. ToLCNDV have genomic components DNA A (size 2.7 kb), DNA B (size 2.7 kb), DNA Beta (commonly known as betasatellite and size is 1.4 kb) that has been recently found. DNA A contain 6 genes that are av1 that encode AV1 protein is a coat protein and used to encapsulate ssDNA and form virus particle and protect the viral DNA by encapsulating it, av2 gene that encode AV2 protein which is a pre coat protein that helps in the movement of the virus, ac1 gene encodes AC1 protein which is replication initiation protein that initiates viral replicaion, ac2 gene that encode AC2 protein which is transactivator protein that control late gene expression and involved in RNAi suppression, ac3 gene encodes AC3 protein which is replication enhancer protein which enhances viral replication and ac4 gene encodes AC4 protein that is essential for symptom development. DNA B contain two proteins Nuclear Shuttle Protein (NSP) and Movement Protein (MP) are essential for the spread of infection, it helps in the movement of viral DNA to the nucleus for the initiation of new round of infection, this protein are responsible for the pathogenicity and are virulence factor. MP protein is