Studies of treatment for panic disorder in the elderly (individuals 60 years or older) are rare, primarily because of the belief that panic disorder affects the older generation in a different and less severe manner than it does in younger individuals. This shortage of studies leaves many questions unanswered, including the issue of which treatment would be best for elders who suffer from panic disorder. Hendricks et al. (2010) conducted a study on how paroxetine and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) effect senior patients diagnosed with panic disorder. Hendricks, Keijsers, Kampman, Hoogduin, and Voshaar (2012) began a study with a slightly different approach, although they also used paroxetine and CBT in their study, they focused on using …show more content…
Pincus, May, Whitton, and Barlow (2010) conducted a study to see if panic control therapy was as effective a treatment in adolescents as it is in adults and if it would show a significant outcome compared to the self-monitored control group. Gallo, Cooper-Vince, Hardway, Pincus, and Comer (2014) organized a study that measured the rate and change a patient experienced as they went through an intensive eight day CBT treatment for adolescents diagnosed with panic disorder (in comparison to a waitlist control group). Gallo et al. also focused on how panic severity, fear, and avoidance in the adolescents changed and fluctuated throughout the entire study. Pincus et al. defined their participants in their study as being adolescents ranging in age of 14 to 17, while Gallo et al. classified their participants as adolescents being between the ages of 12 and 17. Pincus et al. (2010) discovered that the participants undergoing panic control treatment showed a significant decrease in clinical-rated severity of panic disorder in contrast to the control group. Participants showed no signs of attrition in relation to their panic disorder at their three-month follow-up and continued to remain stable at their six-month follow-up. Gallo et al. (2014) learned that throughout the study panic severity consistently decreased with each session, while fear and avoidance peaked after the first session before quickly decreasing after that until the rate of change plateaued after the fourth session. Pincus et al. (2010) suggest that future researchers assess if a shorter time-span can still create positive outcomes for adolescents with panic disorder. Gallo et al. (2014) advise future researchers to continue monitoring the change of patients throughout their treatment session to increase the
Reynolds, S. A., Clark, S., Smith, H., Langdon, P. E., Payne, R., Bowers, G., & ... McIlwham, H. (2013). Randomized controlled trial of parent-enhanced CBT compared with individual CBT for obsessive-compulsive disorder in young people. Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology, 81(6), 1021-1026. doi:10.1037/a0034429
The onset of Panic Disorder can begin in between late adolescents and mid 30’s, 3-5% of people can develop this disorder with it being more prevalently developed in women....
“Patients with comorbid anxiety responded much better to CBT than to the other two treatments because SBFT and NST did more poorly with comorbid anxious patients” (p. 912). Strength of this clinical trial would be the results might help explain the failure of treatments developed in research clinics to generalize to community settings (912).
Panic disorder is an anxiety-repeated disorder that affects approximately five percent of the population (Roy-Byrne, Craske, & Stein, 2006). A diagnosis of panic disorder requires that the individual experiences recurrent panic attacks with any of the following: worry about the possibility of future attacks, avoiding places or situations in which the individual fears a panic attack may occur, fear of being unable to escape or obtain help, or any other change in behavior due to the attacks (Roy-Byrne, Craske, & Stein, 2006). Panic attacks are often sudden and the sufferer usually experience physical symptoms such as autonomie, otoneurological, gastrointestinal,or cardiorespiratory distress (Roy-Byrne, Craske, & Stein, 2006). Individuals who suffer from panic disorder typically utilize medical services at a higher rate than those who do not have panic disorder, an impaired social life, and a reduced quality of life (Taylor, 2006). Often times those who suffer from panic disorder may also suffer from depression and general anxiety (Taylor, 2006). According to the Stanford University School of medicine, approximately 50 percent of patients diagnosed with panic disorder will develop depression and approximately 50 percent of depressed patients will develop panic disorder (Taylor, 2006). In addition those who suffer from panic disorder have a higher incidence of suicide, especially those with comorbid depression (Taylor, 2006). Not everyone who experiences a panic attack suffers from panic disorder (Roy-Byrne, Craske, & Stein, 2006). The same physical symptoms of panic disorder may occur when an individual is faced with specific fears and potentially dangerous situations (Roy-Byrne, Craske, & Stein, 2006). The difference b...
A. Panic disorder brings on the fastest and most complex changes known in the human body.
Sandberg, L., Busch, F., Milrod, B., Caligor, E., Schneier, F., & Gerber, A. (2012). Panic-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy in a woman with panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 20, 5, 268-276. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=21&sid=90152116-522c-4817-bf1f-1cec13d11c80%40sessionmgr4003&hid=4213
The Beck Anxiety Inventory was designed by Aaron T. Beck and is self report scale that consists of 21 items. The items are short and straightforward, making it easy to read and comprehend. All items are related to anxiety and describe a symptom of anxiety that is rate on a four point likert scale according to severity. The answers range from 0-3 and the responses range from “not at all” to “severely; I could barely stand it” and all items are added for a total score. The instructions on the test ask for the respondent to “indicate how much you have been bothered by each symptom during the past week, including today, by placing an X in the corresponding space in the column next to each symptom” (Dowd, 2008). The assessment is intended for adolescents and adults and can be administered individually or in a group setting. An additional copy of the inventory test is also available in Spanish. It was originally created from a sample of 810 outpatients of that were predominately affected by mood and anxiety disorders and research on the original development is described as informative and thorough.
Panic disorder is a psychiatric disorder in which debilitating anxiety and fear arise frequently and without reasonable cause. Panic attacks do not happen out of normal fear. Panic attacks happen without reason or warning. If you have panic disorder it could come from one of the following: family history, abnormalities of the brain, substance abuse, or major life stress(Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder. (n.d.). Retrieved March 28, 2016, from http://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/guide/mental-health-panic-disorder). This disorder is in the category of anxiety and depression. Panic disorder belongs to axis one, which is clinical disorders, this is the top level of the DSM multiaxial
Panic disorder is very treatable and can be treated either by cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, or a combination of both. Cognitive behavioral therapy consist of talking about how the patient is feeling during a panic attack, and also putting the person in a stressful situation and helping them v...
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is among the most extensively tested psychotherapies for depression. Many studies have confirmed the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a treatment for depression. This paper will provide background information about the intervention, address the target population, and describe program structure and key components. It will also provide examples of program implementation, challenges/barriers to implementing the practice, address how the practice supports recovery from a serious mental illness standpoint and provide a summary. Although there are several types of therapy available to treat depression and other mood disorders, CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) has been one of the most widely used. It is thought to be very effective in treating depression in adolescents and adults. CBT is targeted to quickly resolve maladaptive thoughts and behaviors without inquiring greatly into why those thoughts and behaviors occur as opposed to other forms of psychotherapy.
CBT is the treatment option for some mental disorders, such as depression, dissociative identity disorder, eating disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, hypochondriasis, insomnia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and panic disorder without agoraphobia (Clark, 1986). In contrast, as Flannery-Schroeder & Kendall (2000) describe, CBT is an inappropriate treatment option for some patients. Patients with significant cognitive impairments (for example patients with traumatic brain injury or organic brain disease) and individuals who are not willing to take an active role in the therapy and treatment process are not desirable candidates.
Cognitive therapy approaches of psychotherapy have proved to be one of the most effective psychological approaches for a wide range of behavioral problems. “CBT teaches anxiety reduction skills that people can use for the rest of their lives. Research shows the
...ents, resulting in anxiety and desperation when feared events do occur. As example, consider the development of panic attack. Whereas the appearance of unexplained symptoms of physical arousal may make a panic attack more likely, the person cognitive interpretation of those symptoms can determine whether or not the attack actually develops. One study, for instance, found that panic attacks were much less likely if panic disorder patients believed they could control the source of their discomfort. In another study, panic disorder patients were asked to inhale carbon dioxide which typically causes panic attack in such patients. Those who inhaled this substance in the presence or a person they associated with safety where significantly less fearful than patients whose safe person was not present. Results like these suggest a role for cognitive factors in panic disorder
National Institute of Mental Health. (2009). Studying anxiety disorders. NIH Medline plus, 5, 13-15. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/anxiety-disorders/complete-index.shtml
Anxiety has a main definition; a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease. Although, it has its single definition, each person diagnosed with anxiety has different symptoms. With that, some have more severe cases of the actual diagnosis. It has been noted that anxiety has had an increase in teens recently. In the last 30 years, the statistics for anxiety in fifteen to sixteen year olds have doubled for both girls and boys (“Increased Levels of Anxiety…” 1). It is said, “in societal moments like the one we are in…it often feels as if ours is the Age of Anxiety”(Henig 1). Anxiety affects teenagers profusely because the emotions of a teenager are more vulnerable than those of an adult. The brain of a teenager is not fully developed and the stress put on teenagers to start putting their life together takes a toll on their emotions. The daily life and activities are interfered with by anxiety when the amount of stress put on a teenager becomes unbearable. Unfortunately, the effects of anxiety become so intense that the mental health is eventually toyed with. So many different components of life contribute to anxiety and cannot be prevented.