A theory that can be applied to the factors that influence a laboring mothers’ choice of pain control is a borrowed theory. A borrowed theory is synonymous with a rubber band ball. A rubber band ball is made up of numerous rubber bands wrapped around each other to form a ball. A borrowed theory is information (rubber bands) that is assembled from different disciplines and incorporated into nursing practice (rubber band ball). The most applicable borrowed theory would be Richard Lazarus’ Stress, Coping, Adaptation Theory. “Lazarus’ theory deals with how a person copes with stressful situations” (McEwen & Wills, 2011, p. 288). This theory is categorized under the stress theories. “The stress theories provide nursing with a framework to understand the effects that stress has on the individual and how the individual responds to stressful situations or life events” (McEwen & Wills, 2011, p. 287). The stressful situation identified is a woman going through the different stages of labor and experiencing the pain that goes with it. Richard Lazarus was a highly educated (PhD), award winning, book writing, Professor of Psychology. He specialized in, “emotion theory and research, health psychology or behavioural medicine, personality and social psychology, research clinical psychology, stress and coping theory” (Lazarus, Richard S., 2002). Several influences from Lazarus span from research, to checklists to projects that all relate to stress. He worked with several others during the research phase of his career. For instance, “…he did research on autonomic discrimination without awareness (which McCleary and he called subception), hunger and perception, projective tests, perceptual defense (with Eriksen), and motivational and cognitive f... ... middle of paper ... ...c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=mmt&AN=TIP07002744 Kolcaba, K., Dowd, T., Steiner, R., & Mitzel, A. (2004). Efficacy of hand massage for enhancing the comfort of hospice patients. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 6(2), 91-102. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=12&sid=2de162ef-afff-4a48-8415-83dcedf9530a%40sessionmgr110&hid=104 Lazarus, Richard S. (2002). In Biographical Dictionary of Psychology. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?qurl=http%3A2F%2Fwww.credoreference.com/entry/routbiopsy/lazarus_richard_s Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1987). Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. European Journal of Personality, 1(3), 141-169. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&sid=6af88033-cdff-4c3b-8b49-dadc2d302c35%40sessionmgr4004&hid=4105
They refer to active coping and define it as “the process of taking active steps to try to remove or circumvent the stressor or to ameliorate its effects”, it further involves taking direct action and can be compared to Lazarus’s problem focussed coping strategy but with “additional distinctions” which include:
Richard Lazarus thought of the cognitive appraisal model of stress is a evaluation on how we experience stress and see how much we depend on our mental judgement. Cognitive is the mental pursuits involved in using or obtaining knowledge. More so having daily hassles and burnouts throughout someone’s day. Daily hassles are everyday events or occasions that could annoy or bother a person. Such as; concerns about one’s weight or concerns about not having enough money for the week. It could be having an issue with too many interruptions or having too much workload or realizing failing a class could be happening. This is all connected to mental illness and having unhealthy behavioral issues. A burnout is more so about having an unhealthy condition created by prolonged stress of work, causing exhaustion and having a feeling of failure, some have a sense of reduced productivity. People develop a negative attitude toward their work environment. This all is happening inside, the emotions of people get the best of them. Becoming over powered by stress, slowly shutting down, mainly college students have this problem going on as a daily. On the other hand there is emotional effects on stress. There are chronic negative emotions, that are linked with poor health may deal with stress more intensely with daily hassles. But there are also positive emotions, being calm and relaxing with certain situations. In all honesty, it really depends on how a person wants to handle the stress that is handed to them, Either they can be optimistic or pessimistic. Stress can give someone minor setbacks but that doesn’t mean to stop and accept
Nakamura, J.; Csikszentmihalyi, M. 20 December 2001. "Flow Theory and Research". In C. R. Snyder Erik Wright, and Shane J. Lopez.Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press. pp. 195–206.ISBN 978-0-19-803094-2. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
Sandler, I. N., Tein, J. Y., & West, S. G. (1994). Coping, Stress, and the Psychological Symptoms
...ning again. I believe that the medical aspects of life and quality in general are much more looked at today then they have been in past years. The work of massage along with the knowledge of kinesiology has improved our modern medicines and is one of the best impacts we have today for healthier lifestyles. The way physical touch in massage keeps your body and mind more together is on of the best ways to impact not only the person receiving the massage, but therapist also.
The term ‘stress’ was generally thought to have been a concept created by Robert Hooke in the 17th century. He worked on the design of physical structures, such as bridges; his concept of stress came from how much pressure a structure could withstand. However, Lazarus (1993) pointed out that the term ‘stress’ has been used as far back as the 14th century, when it meant hardship or adversity. Back then it referred to the external stressor, such as the death of a spouse or financial worry; in the 20th century, there are many different schools of thought on this area. Hans Selye (1956), brought together the work of Cannon and Bernard and devised a comprehensive system of physiological stress; which he termed the ‘General Adaptation Syndrome’, and is a 3-stage process. He theorised that a certain level of stress called ‘eustress’ (Cox, 1978) could actually be beneficial to our overall performance. Later In 1976, Cox & Mackay devised another model called the ‘Transactional model’. This model takes into account the individual differences in the perception of the amount of stress experienced by the person. The main difference between these two models is that Selye’s model only accounts for the physiological side of stress, whereas Cox’s model takes into account both the physiological and psychological aspects of stress. Therefore, both models will have slight similarities and differences in their explanation for how stress occurs in individuals, which is the main focus of this essay.
Rabasca, Laura (1999) Imagery, Massage and Relaxation recognized as ways to manage pain. APA Online Magazine Volume 30 #10 November 1999. www.apa.org
Weerapong, Hume and Kolt (2005) define massage therapy as a physical manipulation of muscles and soft tissues of the body, with the aim of promoting well-being and good health. Some of the mechanical activities involved in massage therapy include exertion of rhythmical pressure, stroking, rolling and rubbing. Massage therapy promotes well-being and positive health by producing psychological, physical and functional outcomes to the afflicted clients. The procedure of massage therapy entails four distinct mechanisms namely; biochemical mechanisms, physiological mechanisms, neurological mechanisms, and psychophysiological mechanisms. All these procedures work together to bring about the effectivity of massage therapy (Fitzcharles, Ste-Marie and Pereira, 2013).
Inevitably, as humans we encounter numerous events that have a significant amount of discomfort and tension, also known as stress. These occurrences oftentimes have negative effects on us giving us physical and emotional symptoms that can be unbearable. In order to manage our stress, we must learn how to identify the sources. We can do this by using Lazarus and Folkman’s cognitive stress theory which helps identify the stressful event, primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and stress response. For example, if a friend lost his job that allowed him to pay college tuition, the stressful event is losing their job, primary appraisal is deciding if the event is harmful, secondary appraisal is how they will deal with it, and stress response is
The first published theory of coping was imagined by Lazarus (1984), who ascribed to the cognitive viewpoint. Lazarus was interested in the concept of stress as a transaction, and suggested that people go through stages of appraisal. The first stage is where the individual determines whether or not the event is a threat. If the event is identified as threatening, the individual then evaluates their ability to cope with the stressor. These evaluations are repeated regularly to ensure continued accuracy, especially as the individual attempts to deal with the stressor. Dienstbier (1989) refined this theory so that the term "stress" pertained only to negative outcomes, whereas the term "challenge" was introduced in reference to transactions which could lead to either a positive or negative outcome. The distinction was important because these outcomes resulted in different physiological responses. Frankenhaeuser (1986) discovered that these responses were tied to the level of dissatisfaction the ...
The TMSC was developed by the collaboration of two professors in psychology, Richard S. Lazarus and Susan Folkman, who were both residents of the San Francisco Bay Area. After exploring human behavior extensively, both theorists started ambitious projects in studying stress and coping through the establishment of the University of California, Berkeley Stress and Coping Project. In 1984, the project resulted in the publication of the TMSC as an academic book, which then became “one of the most read and cited academic book in psychology” (Hyman, 2002). In fact, the publication of the model shaped and advanced our understanding of human behavior, specifically about stress and
Moyer C., Rounds J., Hannum J. (2004). Psychological Bulletin. A meta-Analysis of Massage Therapy Research received March 24, 2009, from EBSCO database
Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., Bisconti, T. L., & Wallace, K. A. (2006). Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 730.
Rosen, L. D., Cheever, N. A., Cummings, C., & Felt, J. (2008). The impact of emotionality and
Growing literature suggests that emotional states can conditions the impact of given frame since the underlying role of emotions depends on problem (e.g. life or death scenarios). Druckman & McDermott hypothesized that exposure too negative (dying or losing) frame will be positively correlated with risky behaviors or choice sections. Vice versa was hypothesis to exposure to positive emotion. A similar study was done involving a treatment plan for a disease problem with results showing a