Outline of Operation Market Garden
In early September 1944, Montgomery, in order to maintain the momentum
of the Allied movement from Normandy towards Germany , conceived an
operation to outflank the German "West Wall" defensive line.
Montgomery persuaded Supreme Allied Commander General Dwight D.
Eisenhower that his daring plan of forcing a narrow corridor from
Eindhoven northward to Arnhem and establishing a bridgehead across the
Rhine River held the promise of causing a German collapse by the end
the year. Market Garden became the biggest airborne operation in our
history. Montgomery's Operation Market-Garden consisted of two parts.
The Market part of Montgomery's operation was to lay a carpet with the
First Allied Airborne Army to seize seven canal and river bridges in
Holland as well as the very important bridge, in terms of supply
across the lower Rhine at town of Arnhem . The Garden part of the
operation was to have, the British Armoured Corps rapidly moving 60
miles along the narrow corridor crossing & securing the captured
bridges to finally join the airborne forces in Arnhem.
A.
1. Purpose
The principal objective of the operation was to get Allied troops
across the Rhine. Three main advantages were expected to be achieved:
· Cutting the land exit of the Germans remaining in western Holland.
· Outflanking the enemy's frontier defences, the West Wall or the
Siegfriedline
· Positioning British ground forces for a following drive into Germany
along the North German plain.
.
2. Major Events
The 17th of September was the so called "Day Zero" of the operation.
From airfields in the U.K. Units from the First British airborne
division left in 145 U.S. transport planes and 358 British towing
planes, which towed 354 Gliders The U.S.101 airborne division were
transported by 424 U.S transport planes and 70 towing planes with
gliders. The U.S 82 airborne division left in 480 U.S transport planes
and 50 towing planes with their gliders. In total the whole air armada
involved 1544 planes with 478 gliders .
Unfortunately for the entire army group, Operation Market Garden was to be planned in 7 days. Major General Urquhart’s report on Operation Market states that there was adequate time for the planning of the mission but that due to the necessary risk of multiple airlifts over three days led to the divisions fighting strength to be that of a brigade. In his planning of this Operation, Major General Urquhart had requested more Allied gliders and planes, but seemed content enough to go ahead with the
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Field Marshall Sir Bernard L. Montgomery, commander of the northern front, wanted a quick victory. He proposed continuing on into Germany, across the Ruhr, and destroying Hitler’s means to make war by demobilizing the numerous factories in the area. Reluctantly, Eisenhower agreed, and Operation Market Garden began on September 17, 1944. The plan called for Allied paratroopers to secure key bridges and establish a foothold in the area so that armed divisions could move in safely. The First Allied Airborne Army, composed of the 82nd and 101st divisions of the United States and the 1st division of the British, were to be used in the operation. The Americans job was to capture the bridges at the towns of Eindhower and Nirmegan. They succeeded in doing this very quickly with minimal casualties. The British, however, encountered more difficulty. Their job was to secure the more distant bridges at Arnhem, but their tank support that was supposed to relieve them was delayed. The Germans there, consisting of the 9th and 10th SS Panzer divisions, trapped the British soldiers, killing one thousand and capturing six thousand (Keegan 437).
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