1 Introduction
In today’s security-conscious society, a reliable, robust and convenient approach for automated user authentication is becoming a strong requirement. Since September 2001 (i.e. World Trade Center blast), public awareness about the need for security has been increased considerably and lead to a massive rise in demand for the personal authentication systems (Wang et al., 2005). Biometrics plays a major role in today’s security applications. A biometric system is essentially a pattern recognition system that recognizes a person based on his/her physiological or behavioral characteristic that the person possesses (Prabhakar et al., 2003). During the past few decades, researches have been carried out on utilizing various biometrics for personal authentication such as fingerprint, face, iris, palm, signature, voice, etc (Bolle et al., 2003). Amongst these biometrics, recently vein pattern has gained more and more research attention for personal authentication (Kang., 2012; Mirmohamadsadeghi et al., 2011; Miura et al., 2004, & 2007; Toh et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2012; Watanabe et al., 2005; Yanagawa et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2007) due to its distinct characteristics like ease of feature extraction, spoofing resistant, high accuracy and liveness detection etc.
A typical vein pattern biometric system consists of five individual processing stages: Image Acquisition, ROI extraction, Image enhancement and Vein Pattern Segmentation, Feature Extraction and Matching, as shown in Figure 1. The acquisition of hand veins is generally done using infrared (IR) imaging. The IR imaging for veins is of two types namely near infrared (NIR) in the range of 0.75μm to 2μm and far infrared (FIR) in...
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... et al. (2005)
48 Users
FAR = 0%, FRR = 0.9%
Wang et al. (2008)
47 Users
FAR = 0%, FRR = 0%
Kumar et al. (2009)
100 Users
FAR = 1.14%, FRR = 1.14%
This Paper
60 Users
FAR = 1.26%, FRR = 1.21%
7 Conclusions
This paper proposed an efficient and new approach for vein pattern authentication using connected neighbors of minutiae. The dynamic ROI extraction algorithm retrieves maximum possible features from the hand which is not possible with static ROI algorithm. The use of minutiae neighbor information in the proposed algorithm reduced the false
matching of minutiae with imposter images (i.e. reduces FAR) and improved the performance (EER=1.2%) of the authentication system. The experimental results using minutiae neighbor information are promising and suggested as better alternative for human authentication.
Chapter 1-3 showed the beginnings of homeland security and the expansion and growth of Homeland Security. Chapter 4 shows the actions of homeland security, and the steps they take toward a problem to access it. The DHS above all needs to realized and understand how to address an attack quickly and efficiently, and have counter measure put into place beforehand. The DHS must be able to access the risks of any situation, and must decipher the potential hazard the situation could cause. When looking at the many functions of the DHS, nothing could be more important than the ability to understand or hinder or stop an attack man made or not. First Homeland Security studies the nature of the risk; this means that they study what is likely to happen in a certain situation. The texted explains risk as what can go wrong. A cigarette smoker takes a risk every time he lights up, and everyone take a risk when getting into a car. The DHS takes what they know from prior circumstances to determine the reality of the risk; the department must also anticipate any attack even without prior knowledge to the circumstance. The main questions of risk assessment are easy to understand, questions like will people be injured or harmed. But when looking at chapter 1 which asks the reader to look further into why terrorist commit terrorism, that’s when its easier to see the DHS skill at risk assessment. For example if you understand that a terrorist attack could be coming from radical Islamist terrorist; then you would understand a risk by understanding their motive behind the attack like their religious holidays. The DHS uses a three-fold method for risk assessment and they are threat, vulnerability and consequence. The Rand organization uses th...
With today’s technological surveillance capabilities, our actions are observable, recordable and traceable. Surveillance is more intrusive than it has been in the past. For numerous years countries such as the United State and the United Kingdom have been actively monitoring their citizens through the use of surveillance technology. This state surveillance has been increasing with each passing year, consequently invading the citizen’s fundamental constitutional right to privacy,. This has lead to the ethical issues from the use or misuse of technology, one such ethical issue is should a government have the right to use technology to monitor its citizens without their knowledge or approval? For this reason this paper will examine what the terms ethics, ethical issue and state surveillance refer to. Next, an exploration into the ethics of governmental monitoring from the perspective of a variety of ethical systems such as: ethical formalism, act utilitarian, rule utilitarian and subjective relativism model. From this examination of state surveillance through ethical syste...
(f) Spoof attacks and Template security: Spoof attack refers to the deliberate attempt to manipulate one’s biometric template in order to avoid recognition, or generate biometric artifacts in order to take someone’s identity. And still biometric systems are susceptible to attacked in a number of ways (Ratha et al., 2001). For example, a fingerprint recognition system can be circumvented by using fake or spoof fingers (Nandakumar et al., 2007, Nandakumar et al., 2007a). Behavioral traits like voice (Eriksson et al., 1997) and signature (Harrison et al., 1981) are more susceptible to such attacks than physiological traits. Security of biometric templates is also another critical issues in biometric systems. The stolen biometric template can be used to gain unauthorized access to the system (Adler, 2003, Cappelli et al., 2007, Ross et al., 2007).
It is easy to think of biometrics as the future science technology are always happened in some fictions, associated with solar car and clones together. In fact, it has long history that people understood the basic principle and application of the biometric. Thousands of years ago, the people of the Nile basin used the biometric in everyday transactions (such as scarring, skin tone, eye color, height, etc.) for identification. Of course, they had no any automatic electronic identification system, or computer network, but the principle is similar.
Retinal vessel segmentation is important for the diagnosis of numerous eye diseases and plays an important role in automatic retinal disease screening systems. Automatic segmentation of retinal vessels and characterization of morphological attributes such as width, length, tortuosity, branching pattern and angle are utilized for the diagnosis of different cardiovascular and ophthalmologic diseases. Manual segmentation of retinal blood vessels is a long and tedious task which also requires training and skill. It is commonly accepted by the medical community that automatic quantification of retinal vessels is the first step in the development of a computer-assisted diagnostic system for ophthalmic disorders. A large number of algorithms for retinal vasculature segmentation have been proposed. The algorithms can be classified as pattern recognition techniques, matched filtering, vessel tracking, mathematical morphology, multiscale approaches, and model based approaches. The first paper on retinal blood vessel segmentation appeared in 1989 by Chaudhuri et al. [21]...
Step One is the ten-print processing which was started in 2011. Using algorithms from Morphotrak NGI will be able to do back-end processing of the ten-print finger...
The National Security Strategy considers the enduring US national interests as “the security of the US, its citizens, and US allies and partners; a strong, innovative and growing US economy in an open international economic system that promotes opportunity and prosperity; respect for universal values at home and around the world; an international order advanced by US leadership that promotes peace, security, and opportunity through stronger cooperation to meet global challenges.” The Defense Strategic Guidance, published in 2012, directs that DOD develop smaller, less-cost, creative ways to achieve national security by increasing advisory roles, rotational presence, and exercises. Complimenting both, the Quadrennial Defense Review, published in 2010, set two overarching objectives: rebalance of US forces to meet current and future wars; and refine processes in order to support the US armed forces, buy only weapons that are necessary, and ensure responsible use of money. Finally, the National Military Strategy, published in 2011, explicitly states, “Let us not forget, the Nation remains at war abroad to defend against and defeat threats to our homeland.” In each of these documents, echoes of US lessons learned from the last 13 years of irregular warfare appear. This essay will discuss the current US military approach to the irregular challenges, the irregular challenges that the US most likely will face in the near term, and offer arguments of whether the US government and military focus is on the most important threats with the right mix of capabilities. Current and near-term irregular challenges facing the US military requires creative approaches that maximizes people, resources, and capabilities.
Security is the state of being free from danger or threat. The increase of terrorism in America had aroused a legislative request for heightened security. Strengthening security would also lead to invading Americans' privacy. Privacy is the state of being free from being observed or disturbed by other people. While numerous people feel that security for the whole nation dominates over the privacy of an individual, many others think that heightened security measures will invade their personal privacy and will allow the government to exceed moral limits. Regardless to the political circumstances or the climate, protecting individual rights is predominant to strengthening security in several ways. Americans constitutional rights would be taken away and people would no longer feel safe anywhere if they believed that someone was always watching them. Also, protecting individual rights is paramount to allowing the government to overstep their boundaries and abuse their power. Documents A, B,
The video is of President Bush when he is signing the Bill for the “Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act” from the White House on the 17th of Dec, 2004. A key point that I took away from this video is with the Presidents opening statement, “In a few minutes, I will sign into law the most dramatic reform of our nation's intelligence capabilities since President Harry S. Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947. “ The reason that I feel that this statement is so profound is that it took a stateside terrorist attack to realize that there was a discrepancy with the way that the intelligence community operated. In these times many can not go two years without the need to purchase the next big thing. The way that any community has positive progression is by reviews and improvements. Not only did the intelligence community change 55 years, but the way that society started a change to the entitlement generation where society now feels as if they are entitled to information regardless of the impact to national security.
Thousands of kids roam a college campus - and it only takes one. No amount of preparation, staff training, or school-wide drills can prepare the university for something so terrible. This tragedy will forever change the way students and teachers operate the school. One man. One gun. And the sad part is that all of this can all be averted. For this reason, the law should consent to “licensed concealed carry” (carrying a weapon with a license) on campus. If students were allowed to defend themselves with their own weapons, they would. Teachers and students should be permitted to carry firearms onto the campus because the rule that bans weapons will not stop a shooter, it will greatly increase a person’s self–defense, and it can stop on-campus violence as well as shootings.
Biometrics is described as the use of human physical features to verify identity and has been in use since the beginning of recorded history. Only recently, biometrics has been used in today’s high-tech society for the prevention of identity theft. In this paper, we will be understanding biometrics, exploring the history of biometrics, examples of today’s current technology and where biometrics are expected to go in the future.
When Maxwell Smart first whipped out his shoe phone in 1965, everyone saw an act of pure movie magic. Back in the mid to late 1900s everybody had the same idea of the future. Everyone pictured the future as talking robots (Siri), computerized pocket-sized dictionaries (smart-phones), hovering devices (drones), and much more. Today, everyone thinks of these technologies as commonalities. Most of these current devices have a valuable impact, while few create debatable issues. The company NGI has a system that will revolutionize the field of biometric facial recognition. In the article titled Embracing Big Brother: How Facial Recognition Could Help Fight Crime, author Jim Stenman says, "The mission is to reduce terrorist and criminal activity by improving and expanding biometric identification as well as criminal history information s...
Biometric technology is used for the ways humans can be identified by unique aspects of their bodies, such as fingerprints, body odor, our voices and many more. If one was to think about privacy rights, he/she would be concerned about the widespread adoption of these systems, since such systems could easily be used to develop a record of known rebellious people and/or dangerous criminals, to be used for social control purposes. Although that may seem pretty good and a positive thing for the society, one should take into account of the defects and errors of technology. Of the many biometrics technologies that are being developed and are already developed, facial recognition is one of the most threatening because it can be deployed secretly; one may not know whether or when they can be caught in a surveillance camera for such facial recognition biometrics. Additionally, tests have found that the miscalculations for facial biometrics technologies are very high. As a result, according to Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, innocent people can be erroneously identified as dangerous criminals and actual dangerous criminals and/or suspected terrorists can fail to be detected overall, allowing for a huge injustice and unfairness. Privacy rights concerned with biometrics have sparked a concern and should be dealt with; otherwise, this is just one of the
As one of the feature of biometric, signature verification is used to find the authenticity of a person to give the access the most valued and important documents and shelf. Firstly the signature of a person are taken as a reference in database. To generate the database, number of attempts from the same person has been taken, as it would permit minute deviations in signatures that generates due to environmental conditions. Once it is done, then the signatures at other times are every time then verified with the existing database. Because of confidentially of the file/document/transaction giving access is the crucial process that should be monitored with perfection. The same happens with offline signature verification. Computerized process and verification algorithm (thus software) takes fully care of signature under test, generate results that are 100% authentic, and advocates credibility of the concerned person .However, there might raise issue of authenticity even if the same person performs the signature. Or, at times a forge person may duplicate the exact signature. Many research have been done to find the accuracy of result so as to prevent from forgery. Forgery is also divided into different categories depending upon their severity as
Iris recognition is very accurate and distinctive because iris has a complex texture that can produce a substantial amount of information to identify a person. Furthermore, the iris remains almost unchanged from childhood, only minuscule variations are presented. The biometric data is captured using a small and high definition camera that is able to recognize different characteristics of the iris. Moreover, the system can detect the use of contact lens with a fake iris and can realize with the natural movement of the eye if the sample object is a living being. Although initially iris recognition systems were expensive and complex to use, new technology developments have improved these weaknesses.