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Health and personal consequences of sleep deprivation essay
Health and personal consequences of sleep deprivation essay
Health and personal consequences of sleep deprivation essay
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On the Function and Evolution of Sleep
If physiologists devoted the most research time to behaviors humans engaged in the most, we would probably have a full understanding of the biological purpose of sleep. After all, humans, with the exception of most college students, spend one third of their lives in a somnolent state. Despite its fundamental role in human and animal life, sleep is, even in an age when neuroscience has reduced many behaviors to neurological mechanisms, still quite mysterious. What processes are taking place during sleep that benefit the organism? Why spend so much time in an unresponsive and vulnerable state? That these questions haven't been definitively answered is really not a function of a lack of effort on the part of scientists, but rather of the difficulties inherent in studying sleep. It is easy to observe the harm that is done to a human or animal deprived of sleep. A rat prevented from sleeping will lose the ability to maintain body temperature and die in about three weeks, showing no evidence of physiological damage (1). In humans, sleep deprivation impairs thinking and suppresses the immune system. But why this deterioration take place is less clear, and the object of disagreeing theories. This essay will try to explain the function of sleep based on what is now known, and attempt to shed light on the reasons and mechanisms for its evolution.
An investigation of the control, and perhaps the origin, of sleep might best begin with the hypothalamus, a flat, horizontal structure in the brain that is known to play an important role. Damage to the back portion of the hypothalamus causes somnolence, indicating that when intact, it sustains alertness (1). In contrast, damage to the front part indu...
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...t suggests that some of the circuits employed in sensory reception and processing also function to establish and maintain memory, and that both functions cannot be achieved simultaneously. Sleep circumvents this limitation, and is thus a well adapted behavior.
WWW Sources
1)Scientific American "In Focus"
http://www.sciam.com/missing.cfm
2)Sleep and Memory: Evolutionary Perspectives
http://bisleep.medsch.ucla.edu/SRS/publications.htm
3)REM Sleep = Dreaming: Only a Dream
http://bisleep.medsch.ucla.edu/SRS/rosenlicht-feinberg.htm
4)Birds May Refine Their Songs While Sleeping" ,Science Magazine article
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/282/5397/2163
Additional Resources
Discussion on Sleep Evolution ,Scientific American article
http://www.sciam.com/missing.cfm
The Journal "Sleep"
http://www.stanford.edu/dept/sleep/journal/
... is that it opens up new markets for more profits and lower the cost of goods if they were imported. This idea would increase the potential wealth of nation; however, the idea of mercantilism only supports the immediate nation’s wealth.
Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2008). Reactivation and consolidation of memory during sleep. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 188-192. doi: 10.1111/j.14678721.2008.00572.x
Henry VIII had been engaged to his brother’s widow, Catherine of Aragon. Henry VIII protested against the marriage, but in the end, in a few months the marriage was complete. This was mostly due to the pressure lead on by Catherine’s father. At first young King Henry VIII toke little interest in politics and for the first 2 years of him taking the throne, his affairs were managed by the pacific Richard Foxe and Warham. Cardinal Wosley became supreme, Henry was immersed his other interest, including sports.
Henry VIII had been engaged to his brother’s widow, Catherine of Aragon. Henry VIII protested against the marriage, but in the end, in a few months the marriage was complete. This was mostly due to the pressure lead on by Catherine’s father. At first young King Henry VIII toke little interest in politics and for the first 2 years of him taking the throne, his affairs were managed by the pacific Richard Foxe and Warham. Cardinal Wosley became supreme, Henry was immersed his other interest, including sports.
We live our entire life in two states, sleep and awake1. These two states are characterized by two distinct behaviors. For instance, the brain demonstrates a well-defined activity during non-REM sleep (nREM) that is different when we are awake. In the study of sleep by Huber et. al., the authors stated that sleep is in fact a global state2. It is unclear whether this statement means that sleep is a state of global behavioural inactivity or the state of the global nervous system. The notion that sleep is a global state of the nervous system served as basis for sleep researchers to search for a sleep switch. The discovery of the sleep switch, in return, provided evidence and enhanced the notion that sleep is a global state of the nervous system. The switch hypothesis developed from the fact that sleep can be initiated without fatigue and it is reversible1. It was hypothesized that there is something in the brain that has the ability to control the whole brain and initiate sleep. Studies have found a good candidate that demonstrated this ability3. They found a group of neurons in the Ventrolateral Preoptic (VLPO) nucleus. It was a good candidate because it was active during sleep, has neuronal output that can influence the wakefulness pathway, and lesion in the area followed reduce sleep3. The idea that there is something that can control the whole brain and result sleep state supports the idea that sleep is a global state of the nervous system.
In psychotherapy, there are several categories that encompass the psychotherapy approaches (Corey, 2005). Each category is exceedingly broad, generally covers 2 or more approaches. Hence, to divide our focus, this paper will concentrate more on action therapies category (Corey, 2005) or known as Cognitive Behaviour. As mention before, each classification has an extensive major to cover; hence, to recognize cognitive behaviour as a whole, we should acknowledge its sub-categories; those are Cognitive Therapy (CT) and Rational Emotive Behavioural therapy (REBT). Even though both CT and REBT remain under the same classification and share basic element of cognitive, there are distinctly different practices in their nature of therapeutic methods and style in the counselling therapy (Corey, 2005). Nevertheless, the discussion in this paper will limit to the CT approach. Furthermore, the basic theoretical principles, how the CT theory fit my personality, and how the knowledge of the CT approach affects my personal life will be the discourse of the discussion.
When Henry had reach the age of 10 he took part in his brothers arranged wedding to the daughter of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain(3). His job was to escort the bride; the bride was Catherine of Aragon who was later to be Henry VIII first wife. Shortly after the marriage, Arthur died on April 2, 1502 from night-sweats (2). This left Henry the rightful heir to the English throne right before his 11th birthday. Fourteen months after Arthur’s death, Catherine of Aragon was betrothal to Henry VIII, and then he was too young to marry (5). As Henry VIII grew up his father became less willing to have an alliance with the Spanish and he repudiated the betrothal of Henry and Catherine (5). After seven years his father dies and Henry VIII successes to the throne.
Looking at the Ghanaian diet, they are foods most dominant with starch or have a higher starchy level. They are usually eaten with an accompaniment which serves as the source of protein which may be in the form of a sauce or a soup. Such foods include; banku and okro, fufu and soup which could either be chicken, groundnut or kontomire soup, kenkey and grounded pepper, ‘yo-ko gari’ and beans stew, kpoikpoi (maize mix), yam, cassava, boiled or fried plantain, gari f)t), tatale, omutuo (rice balls) and waakye.
A restorative theory claims that sleep is used to repair the body including the brain. Oswald suggests that slow wave sleep is when body repair occurs and REM sleep is when the brain is repaired. This is supported by the fact that there is an increase in the secretion of growth hormones during SWS. This could also explain why brain activity levels are high during REM sleep, and similar to when awake.
Important economic rationale for mercantilism was consolidation of the regional power centers of feudal era by establishing colonies outside of Europe
Integration takes seemingly unlike themes, which normally serve in separate arenas, and merges them to create something that speaks on cultural assumptions and society’s restricted issues. Integration is not simply ambiguity, or the multiple meanings that a text can take on, but
As Thomas Mun wrote “England’s Treasure by Foreign Trade”, never would he have imagined that the words in his book would forever be remembered as the basis for the mercantilist school of economic thought. Almost four centuries later the words of Thomas Mun and mercantilists such as Sir William Petty still resonate in the mind of economists. Even though traces of mercantilism are difficult to find in practice today, mercantilism is by no means a thing of the bygone days. From the 16th century to the 20th century, mercantilism has played a vital role in the economic policies of many nations. With four centuries of history, there is without a doubt that mercantilism is deeply rooted in the global economic scene. Historical footprints of mercantilism can be found all over the world; from Europe to America to Asia, mercantilism has seen glory and prominence. Even in its decline mercantilism attempted to adapt to changing economic spheres by detaching applicable mercantilist tenets from the school and applying them to multiple economic issues.
Important public policy issues have arisen in our modern 24-hour society, where it is crucial to weigh the value of sleep versus wakefulness. Scientific knowledge about sleep is currently insufficient to resolve the political and academic debates raging about how much and when people should sleep. These issues affect almost everybody, from the shift worker to the international traveler, from the physician to the policy maker, from the anthropologist to the student preparing for an exam.
Rasch, Björn, and Jan Born. "About Sleep 's Role in Memory." Physiological Reviews. American Physiological Society, n.d. Web. 06 May 2016.
Industrial mercantilist governments also enforced the importation of some raw materials, which could be transformed and manufactured into many other finished goods, carrying more value, thus costing more than the original raw material. In this case, the final product would be exported and sold for higher than the raw material was bought and the country would get more gold for it, increasing the nation’s treasury. Therefore, manufacturing was only important because it could result in an export