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Corruption impact on the development of nigeria essay
An Comprehensive Essay On The Effect Of Corruption In Nigeria
Corruption impact on the development of nigeria essay
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Oil Conflict in Nigeria
Introduction
This paper will discuss the Oil conflict that is occurring in Nigeria. Discussed will be the types of power that the two feuding parties are using and whether their strategies have been effective as well as the influence they have had on the conflict. The contrasting cultural differences and similarities will be discussed as well. The conflict in Nigeria has turned deadly and a successful communication environment must be developed in order to restore peace to the region.
The oil conflict in Nigeria consists primarily of two parties the oil companies and the local interests. The conflict has turned deadly as individuals have protested through violence their frustration for what they believe to be an injustice. The locals believe that the oil companies owe them rent for land use. The oil companies have been avoiding land use fees by using government resources to their advantage.
The oil companies are using a structured power approach while addressing the land use issues with the locals. The oil companies use formal authority, legal prerogative, and association to strengthen their side of the conflict. The Nigerian government has a history of being influenced by foreign money and influence, which gives big business a huge advantage over monetary decisions. The Nigerian government has gone as far as creating laws and legislation to benefit the oil companies because of the significant economic contributions the companies bring to the country. Omeje (2005) states “Oil is the mainstay of Nigeria’s economy and the state is largely dependent on oil rents, taxes and royalties paid by transnational oil companies (TNOCs) and on profits from its equity stakes in the TNOCs’ investments.”
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... Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 8(3), 77-88. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 2349548361).
Mayer, B. (2000). The dynamics of conflict resolution: A practitioner’s guide. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Omeje, K. (2005). Oil conflict in Nigeria: Contending issues and perspectives of the local Niger Delta people. New Political Economy, 10(3), 321-334. doi:10.1080/13563460500204183
Omeje, K.. (2006). Oil Conflict and Accumulation Politics in Nigeria. Environmental Change and Security Program Report,(12), 44-49. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from ProQuest Science Journals. (Document ID: 1889169951).
Yang, C.. (2010). Less Blood for Oil: Nigeria's Fragile Amnesty. Harvard International Review, 31(4), 6-7. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 1988429401).
This is so because, though the country is rich in land, natural and human resources, the people are still considered to be poor, as nearly 70% of Nigerians in 1999 were living in poverty (FOS, 1999; Okojie, et al 2000; World Bank 2000; Soludo, 2006), while the incidence of poverty has remained relatively high, hovering around 54% between 2005 and 2009 (CBN, 2009). Per Capita income by 2000 was still around the same level as in 1965 and in between, Nigeria 's cumulative revenues from oil (after deducting the payments to the foreign oil companies) have amounted to about US$350 billion at 1995 prices (Salai-Martin and Subramanian, 2003). Worse still, the problems of poverty in Nigeria are multi-faceted, among which are widespread outbreak of AIDS pandemic, lack of access to good health facilities, lack of essential infrastructure, high infant mortality rate , unemployment and, corruption, e.t.c.
Gambrel, Jon. “Nigerian Rebels Seize Seven Oil Workers”. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved on 21 Nov, 2011 from
Bloodshed has erupted in countries such as Yemen and Iraq over the distribution and domination of petroleum. Yemen recently acquired airstrikes from Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is currently vexing Yemen into imparting complete authority to their country. Similarly, Iraq is receiving national strife due to the petroleum market. Inhabitants are arduously rejecting ISIS’ appeal to regulating the petroleum circulation in the state. Due to this appeal citizens and ISIS are heavily disputing over this instrumental control of the substance. The United States recently bickered about the Keystone Pipeline; this pipeline bridges Western Canada gravitating down to Southern Texas. This pipeline would grant the United States to become self-sufficient in petroleum manufacturing. Yet, environmentalists’ jilted the bill do to the numerous environmental and social dilemmas would persist from the eradication of the southern section of the United States. Basically, as petroleum dwindles, hostility and warfare will ultimately ensue across the
oil in Nigeria. Nigeria’s large supply of high quality crude oil helped Shell climb to the top,
Oil-Led Development: Social, Political, and Economic Consequences. CDDRL Working Paper 80. Robinson, J. A., Torvik, R. & Verdier, T. (2006). Political Foundations of the Resource Curse. Journal of Development Economics, 79, 447-468.
Jensen, N. "Resource Wealth and Political Regimes in Africa." Comparative Political Studies 37.7 (2004): 816-41. Print.
From as early the 15th century, Europeans had begun exploring Africa, with Prince Henry the Navigator being the first European to successfully explore Africa (albeit in search of West Indies trade route). Through the centuries, more and more of Africa was explored, with the biggest wave occurring with African slave trade. The eventual downfall of slave trade led to the rise of their colonialism, as European countries, specifically Great Britain, annexed many West African states, including what would become the country of Nigeria. Today, though Nigeria has its own unique identity as a nation, its roots lie in the impact that Great Britain had on it. British colonization of Nigeria massively influenced the course of its cultural development, as seen through Nigeria’s spoken language, system of government, religions, and education system.
Oghre, Ben. “Nigeria’s Population Is A Silent Killer .” Nigerians of America. N.p., 30 Sept. 2007. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. .
Life consists of abrupt changes, it may benefit or harm people, particularly Nigeria’s government in which a government is the core of its people. However, when a government is corrupt, two primary courses are presented: to submit or rebel. The corruption within
"Untouchability in Nigeria | International Humanist and Ethical Union." International Humanist and Ethical Union | The World Union of Humanist Organizations. Web. 08 Apr. 2010. .
The question to be answered in this paper is to what extent has the resource curse affected the Nigerian economy and government? Resource curse is a term that states the observation that countries that have a plethora of natural resources (e.g. oil, coal, diamonds etc.) usually have unstable political and economic structures (Sachs, 827). Nigeria is categorized as a nation that has succumb to the resource curse as it has an abundance of, and an overdependence on, oil, and a decreasing gross domestic product (GDP) (Samuels, 321-322). Nigeria is known for its specialization and overdependence on oil and according to Ross, nations of such nature tend to have high levels of poverty, large class gaps, weak educational systems, more corruption within the government, and are less likely to become democracies (Ross, 356). The political instability and regime change in Nigeria will be observed in this paper. The resource curse has greatly weakened Nigeria as it has led to the numerous regime changes, the hindering of the nation’s democratization, corruption in the government, as well as, civil conflict.
The Nigerian Civil War lasted from July 6, 1967 until January 15, 1970. The belligerents were the Federal Republic of Nigeria, led by the military governor Yakubu Gowon, and the Republic of Biafra, led by the military governor C. Odumegwu Ojukwu. After an abortive counter-coup d'etat in favor of Northern independence, General Ojukwu declared the independence of southeastern Nigeria. Each of these regions were dominated by one particular tribe, and the Hausa of the north long felt oppressed by the southerners underneath colonial rule, while during the short-lived military government from 1966 to 1967 the Igbo had been the victims of several pogroms within the army itself.1 2 To further complicate the tribal tensions already fueling the conflict, British Petroleum, and several other oil companies, had vested interests in vast fossil fuel reserves in the secessionist state, which they feared would be unfriendly to their business.3 The ultimate result was a 3 year civil war, during which 150, 000 troops and as many as 3 million civilians died.
Discussions of Nigeria gender equality in recent times have focused on steps taken towards putting women in their proper prospects. In the past, each gender had clearly defined roles and the issue of gender conflict never arose. The extent of gender inequality had been hidden for so long that its seriousness in the present time of Nigeria is now attracting international attention. The 2012 Gender in Nigeria Report recently shows that gender inequality not only exists in the country, but at highly worrying levels. There is a lack of gender balance in the economy, education, politics, health, access to justice and almost all areas of human development.
Corruption in the Niger delta region of Nigeria has led to abject poverty in the state. State governs in the Niger delta are making living unbearable for the indigenes of state by embezzling public funds for their own purposes. For example in the New York Amsterdam News Guthrie Gray mentioned that “Despite its new wealth, however, the money allocated to Niger delta states does not appear to be getting to most of its citizens” (Guthrie Gray). The means of lively hood in the states has been destroyed by corrupt oil companies and public officers. People in the state can no more farm and fish because their land and water has been destroyed by the oil companies in the area; however, some funds are released by oil companies and the federal government but the government of the Niger delta have refused to put the funds to good use because they are corrupt. They prefer to use the funds for their own benefits, buying houses overseas and having numerous foreign accounts. For about 35 years Oil Company in the Niger delta has refused to give to the community good infra...
Okeke, Phil E. "Reconfiguring Tradition: Women's Rights and Social Status in Contemporary Nigeria." Africa Today 47.1 (2000): 49-63.