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History of database with technology
History of Database Management System
History of database with technology
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Object-Oriented Database Management Systems
The construction of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems started in the middle 80's, at a prototype building level, and at the beginning of the 90's the first commercial systems appeared. The interest for the development of such systems stems from the need to cover the modeling deficiencies of their predecessors, that is the relational database management systems. They were intended to be used by applications that have to handle big and complex data such as Computer Aided Engineering, Computer Aided Design, and Office Information Systems.
The area of the OODBMSs is characterized by three things. First, it lacks a common data model. There is no common data model although many proposals can be found in the literature. This is a more general problem of all the object-oriented systems not only the database management systems. Since the data model determines the database language of the system, which in turn determines the implementation of the system, we can understand that the differences between the various systems with different data models can be big and substantial. Second is the common theoretical framework. Although there is no standard object-oriented model, most object-oriented database systems that are operational or under development today share a set of fundamental object-oriented concepts. Therefore the implementation issues in OODBMSs that arise due to these concepts are universal. The third characteristic is that of experimental activity.
Plenty of prototypes have been implemented and some of them became commercial products.
There is really a need for applications to handle very complex data and that is why the interest of people in building such systems is...
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... D.K. Practical Application of Object-Oriented Techniques to Relational Databases. Wiley/QED, 1994.
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Delobel, C., C. Lecluse, and P. Richard. Databases: From Relational to Object-Oriented Systems. ITP, 1995.
Gray, P.M.D., K.G. Kulkarni, and N.W. Paton. Object-Oriented Databases: A Semantic Data Model Approach. Prentice-Hall, 1992.
Hughes, J.G. Object-Oriented Databases. Prentice-Hall, 1991.
Kemper, A. and G. Moerkotte. Object-Oriented Database Management: Applications in Engineering and Computer Science. Prentice-Hall, 1994.
Kim, W. Introduction to Object-Oriented Databases. MIT Press, 1990.
Loomis, M.E.S. Object Databases: The Essentials. Addison-Wesley, 1995.
Rao, B.R. Object-Oriented Databases: Technology, Applications, and Products. McGraw-Hill, 1994.
The most remarkable achievement of the Maya was their calendar. Every Mayan achievement listed, however, are very remarkable in their own right. Remnants of the Mayan society are still seen throughout our world today from all four of their discussed achievements. One could have an ethnocentric denial of the sheer remarkability of the advancements of the Maya because of some of the advancements of the Western World at that time period, however, the Maya achieved feats that the Western World could not even fathom. In fact, much of Maya architecture, such as their pyramids, cannot even be replicated today. The Mayan civilization may have physically declined centuries ago, but their concepts and principles will forever keep the Maya alive.
Many individuals had helped advance the Renaissance the belief in humanism. These people were great thinkers and their ideas are still considered achievements today. One of these great thinkers was a woman, to be specific she was the first woman artist, Sofonisba Anguissola. Being the first woman artist, during a time of mainly male artist’s is an achievement in of itself, but her work on self-portraits helped in shaping the renaissance and in advancing the ideal of humanism. Painting since her father sent to her to train under the great painter Bernardino Campi the age of 14. Sofonisba quickly mastered painting techniques, developing such life-like paintings that “they seem to confront nature itself” (Sofonisba Anguissola).
problem and it will be used in this case to build the databases. The databases
Information and Software Technology Years 7–10: Syllabus. (2003, June). Retrieved April 10, 2014, from http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/syllabus_sc/pdf_doc/info_soft_tech_710_syl.pdf
Oracle's relational databases represent a new and exciting database technology and philosophy on campus. As the Oracle development projects continue to impact on University applications, more and more users will realize the power and capabilities of relational database technology.
In 1977, Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oates founded System Development Laboratories. After being inspired by a research paper written in 1970 by an IBM researcher titled “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks” they decided to build a new type of database called a relational database system. The original project on the relational database system was for the government (Central Intelligence Agency) and was dubbed ‘Oracle.’ They thought this would be appropriate because the meaning of Oracle is source of wisdom.
The OODBMS is the product of merging object oriented programming ethics with database management ethics. Object oriented programming concepts such as encapsulation, polymorphism and inheritance are imposed as well as database management concepts such as the ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability) which show the way for system reliability, it also supports an ad hoc query language and secondary storage management systems, which is allocated for managing very large amounts of data. The Object Oriented Database program specially lists the following features as compulsory for a system to support before it can be called an OODBMS; Composite objects, Object uniqueness, Encapsulation, Types and Classes, Class or Type Hierarchies, Overriding, overloading and late binding, Computational fullness, Extensibility, Perseverance, Secondary storage management, Concurrency, Recuperation and an Ad Hoc Query capacity.
The Maya’s were a very educated and intelligent tribe. They managed to live their lives with as little amount as trouble as possible. There was always a way for the Maya’s to find a new way to make life easier to survive.
[7] Elmasri & Navathe. Fundamentals of database systems, 4th edition. Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA. 2004.
From 2000 BC to 900 AD, located in Mesoamerica, the Maya Civilization possessed many successes, especially throughout the Classic period. The Maya Civilization maintained individual states that governed themselves. As a result of individual cities, many things were discovered, such as new ways of farming, math, and astronomy. The Maya Civilization can be divided into three periods, the Preclassic, the Classic, and the Post classic. Through these periods the Maya rose to it’s height, becoming a very successful empire. The Maya Empire was able to gain and maintain power through trade, the development of math and astronomy, and the use of resources the Maya obtained around them.
This data model organizes data is a tree-like structure similar to the organizational structure. This structure allows the repetition of information using parent/child relationship. One-to-many relationship is created as one parent can have many children but a child belongs to only one parent. This model is the first data base model created by IBM in 1966. It was used in Information Management System (IMS) developed by IBM. Later Microsoft employed it in Windows Registry. This data model replaced the Flat file database system because it was more fast and simple but inflexible as the relationship was restricted to one-to-many.
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system that uses a standard way of classifying, retrieving, and running queries on data. The DBMS functions is to manage any incoming data, organize it, and provide ways for the data to be modified or extracted by users or other programs. Some examples of DBMS are PostgreSQL, Microsoft Access, SQL Server, FileMaker, Oracle,Clipper and FoxPro. Since there are so many database management systems are available, so it is important to ensure that they communicate with each other. This is because, most database software comes with an Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) driver which allows the database to incorporate with other databases.
The Maya culture has a long history that started in about 1000 BC. The history of the Maya is divided up into four different time periods: The Middle Preclassic Period, Late Preclassic Period, Classic Period, and Postclassic Period. The Middle Preclassic Period was when the small areas started to become city-like in the way that they started to build larger temples. The Late Preclassic Period was when the cities began to expand with paved roads and massive pyramids. The Classic Period was the time the Maya civilization hit it’s peak. Populations were growing rapidly and the structure of politics was formed. The Postclassic Period was when warfare was on the rise and cities were being abandoned(Coe 2005). This paper will focus on the Classic Period due to the fact that that is the greatest time period in Maya history.
· The illiterate does not have the reading and writing skills to reinforce these skills in their children.