The first real evidence that neutrinos may posses tiny particles of mass where when a giant particle detector was located deep in a mind in Japan. Neutrinos carry no electric charge. This particle-detecting equipment is sensitive only to charted particles, scientists are not able to observe neutrinos directly. If a neutrinos collides with a proton or neutron, the particles in the nucleus of and atom, the neutrino is transformed into a charged particle.
There are three kinds of neutrinos. Electron neutrinos became electrons. The other two types are mu-neutrinos and tau-neutrinos, which transform into particles called muons and taus. The neutrinos studied in Japan originated high in the Earth’s atmosphere. They were produced from reactions induced by high-energy comic-ray particles colliding with air molecules.
Physicists created sophisticated instruments, such as Japan’s Super-Kamiokande, or Super-K detector. The primary feature of the Super=K is a tank containing 45 million liters of ultrapure water. Another important feature is that it is located about 1.000 meters underground. By building the detector so far underground, the researchers could screen out almost all other particles and therefore observe almost exclusively the reactions of the neutrinos.
The neutrino can’t simply disappear, it must be transformed into another particle. Tau-neutinos are difficult to detect because they very rarely have enough energy when colliding with a proton or neutron to transform into the heave tau particle.
Physicists know that in order for the oscillation process to take place, one or both of the neutrinos must have mass, and their masses must be different. The bigger the difference in masses, the faster the oscillation. Particles masses are measured in units of energy. These units are called electrovolts.
The researchers could not measure the masses of the neutrinos, but they could measure the rate of oscillation and then use a mathematical formula and predictions based on their other particle research to make a rough estimate of the neutrino mass. Neutrinos are millions times lighter than an electron.
The nuclear reactions that power the sun should produce a steady and predictable stream of e-neutrinos. But detectors on Earth observe only 30-60 percent of the number predicted.
The development of atomic bomb boosted the level of understanding in terms of physics and chemistry of that particular time period. Physicists started to realize that stable nuclei can be converted to unstable nuclei. Through such process, they discovered that heavy nuclei can undergo nuclear fission. While testing, they added a neutron to an isotope of Uranium 235. This resulted Uranium 235 to become unstable and break down into Barium and Krypton, releasing two to three more neutrons. The breakdown of Uranium 235 is called “fission”. When the released neutrons attach to other isotopes of Uranium 235, this can result in a chain reaction of fission. For every generation of fission, the amount of fission is doubled, and this resulted in an extreme outburst of energy. The amount of energy released by this process is related to Einstein’s famous equation “E=mc^2” (Wolf).
Albert Einstein predicted that mass could be converted into energy early in the century and was confirmed experimentally by John D. Cockcroft and Ernest Walton in 1932. In 1939, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered that neutrons striking the element uranium caused the atoms to split apart. Physicists found out that among the pieces of a split atom were newly produced neutrons. These might encounter other uranium nuclei, caused them to split, and start a chain reaction. If the chain reaction were limited to a moderate pace, a new source of energy could be the result. The chain reaction could release energy rapidly and with explosive force.
Despite all of the security used by the officials in charge of the “Manhattan Project,” soviet spies managed to leak information to the Soviet Union that allowed them to create a nuclear bomb of their own. Klaus Fuchs, an important scientist to the “Manhattan Project,” managed to move throughout the project and provide crucial information to the Soviets. David Greenglass also provi...
Walk, Fr. Edward. "How to Calculate Mass." Honors Physics. Du Bois Area Catholic School. Du Bois Area Catholic School, Du Bois. 2 Dec. 2013. Class lecture.
The sensitive instruments aboard the SOHO spacecraft have already helped scientists here on Earth discover and explain some of the mysteries of the Sun as well as to confirm some of their theories they previously held. For example, in May of 1998 with the help of the Michelson Doppler Interferometer scientists were able to see with greater clarity the giant convective cells inside and on the surface of the Sun.
Every day we look into the night sky, wondering and dreaming what lies beyond our galaxy. Within our galaxy alone, there are millions upon millions of stars. This may be why it interests us to learn about all that we cannot see. Humans have known the existence of stars since they have had eyes, and see them as white glowing specks in the sky. The mystery lies beyond the white glowing specks we see but, in the things we cannot see in the night sky such as black holes.
In the movie, The New Centurions, it shows the good, the bad, and the evil. It is a good reality movie that give you a feel for policing in LA. Even though it is out dated, the same things happen today in our society that happen in the movie.
The Gravimetric Stoichiometry lab was a two-week lab in which we tested one of the fundamental laws of chemistry: the Law of Conservation of Mass. The law states that in chemical reactions, when you start with a set amount of reactant, the product should theoretically have the same mass. This can be hard sometimes because in certain reactions, gases are released and it’s hard to measure the mass of a gas. Some common gases released in chemical reactions include hydrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapor. One of the best methods for determining mass in chemistry is gravimetric analysis (Lab Handout).
The Ultimate Nature of Matter. The theory of quantum mechanics has divided the atom into a number of fundamental sub-atomic particles. Although the physicist has shown that the atom is not a solid indivisible object, he has not been able to find a particle which does possess those qualities. Talk of particles, though, is misleading because the word suggests a material object.
Gamma radiation/emission – Gamma ray emission can be found when either alpha or beta decay occurs. Gamma rays are high energy electromagnetic rays. Gamma radiation is just the excess energy of the reaction being shed off, gamma rays do not effect mass numbers or atomic numbers. 6027Co 6028Ni + 0-1e + y
The historical results of this experiment by determination of the charge to mass ratio of an electron allowed physicist to work out the miniscule mass of an electron through the use of an external magnetic field. Magnetic fields apply a magnetic force on charged particles perpendicular to their direction of motion and to the magnetic field itself. This allows for the magnetic force to act as a centripetal force which then, through analysis, allows for the determination of certain charged particles through the analysis of their curve radius. In lab 15, Measurement of Charge to Mass Ratio for Electrons, the objective was to measure the charge to mass ratio (e/m) of an electron through the use of a mercury vapor chamber. This was done through the graphical analysis by the linearized equation (4). The goal was to construct a linear graph in which the slope and slope error was calculated using the Linest function, the slope than allows for the derivation of the charge to mass ratio of an electron. Error propagation (error formulas) was also used in this experiment to account for sources of error that could have occurred.
The largest and most powerful particle collider in the world, based in CERN on the border of France and Switzerland, it is a huge undertaking. It is built to assists the scientists in discovering what the Earth is made of; it also plays a crucial part in resolving many theories by scientists. It is a 27 kilometer ring with super magnets that help the particles speed along the way. Some people also argue that it’s a machine that could possibly be dangerous, because it has the capability of creating small BLACK HOLES! “One way or another, it's the world's largest machine and it will examine the universe's tiniest particles. It's the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).”
Later on the theories developed in light of modern technologies and as man got further closer to sun thus became able to measure the changes occurring on the surface of sun. In 1968s scientists got sufficient evidence by catching the neutrinos from sun light that the reason for the heat and light emitting from sun is due to nuclear reactions that continuously take place in it.
Nuclear fusion occurs when two atomic nuclei collide with enough energy to bind together to form one nucleus. Nuclear fusion occurs in the core of our sun, and is the source of its tremendous heat. In the sun hydrogen nuclei, single protons, fuse together and form a new nucleus. In the conversion, a small amount of mass is converted into energy. It is this energy that heats the sun.
First, the mass of the beaker being used was recorded, then about 1g of baking soda was added and the mass recorded. Next, the mass of just the baking soda was found and recorded. Then, the contents were boiled until dry then weighed and mass recorded after cooling off. Finally, the mass of jus the salt, or sodium chloride, was found and recorded.