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Somatosensory system
Chapter 12 autonomic nervous system
Somatosensory system
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These reflexes are programmed, automatic reactions. They could conceivably include the cerebrum for instance flickering does not include the brain. The Reflex circular segment is the primary practical unit of the sensory system that helps a man respond to a jolt.
A reflex roundabout fragment is a neural pathway that controls a reflex action. In higher animals, most substantial neurons do not pass particularly into the psyche, yet neurotransmitter in the spinal line. This trademark licenses reflex exercises to happen respectably quickly by starting spinal motor neurons instantly of coordinating signs through the cerebrum, regardless of the way that the brain will get substantial information while the reflex is finished. Examination of the
It is the seat of identity and, eventually, the framework including the circuits that oversee sensations, for example, torment and temperature, and circuits that permit your body to move and capacity. The sensory system at both a cell and authoritative level. Neurons are the essential cells of the sensory system, proliferating driving forces through both electric and synthetic means activity possibilities and synaptic transmission, separately. Neurons can be gathered together to frame nerves, which are the essential hierarchical structures in one noteworthy branch of the sensory system, the fringe sensory system. This is as opposed to the focal sensory system, which comprises of the cerebrum and spinal string. The fringe sensory system can be sub partitioned into the physical and autonomic sensory systems, the last of which can be further sub isolated into the thoughtful and parasympathetic sensory
Neurons make muscles move and stomach related structures to help sustenance along through peristalsis, and they manage breathing rate, heart rate, and glandular emissions. The sensory system is by all account not the only framework that has such a significant impact all through the body, in any case. The endocrine framework, which we will investigate in the following section, serves a comparative part, yet through compound flag-bearers conveyed in the blood called
...e in the brain to deliver electrical stimulation to targeted areas that control movement (mayoclinic.com, 2013).
Firstly, there is various of sensing activities as in seeing and hearing as in a sense of understanding of what is seen and heard. Secondly the sense of feeling in numerous parts of the body from the head to the toes. The ability to recall past events, the sophisticated emotions and the thinking process. The cerebellum acts as a physiological microcomputer which intercepts various sensory and motor nerves to smooth out what would otherwise be jerky muscle motions. The medulla controls the elementary functions responsible for life, such as breathing, cardiac rate and kidney functions. The medulla contains numerous of timing mechanisms as well as other interconnections that control swallowing and salivations.
The human body comprises of organ systems which distinct but work together as a coordinated single unit (Marieb & Hoehn 1-35). This paper will single out the endocrine system because discussing the organ system in entirety is beyond the scope of this assignment. The adrenaline glands form part and parcel of the endocrine system, thus, the relevance of the topic. The endocrine glands comprise glands which secrete hormones which help to modulate on the functions of the cells and/or organs. Hormones are chemical substances which regulate cell activities (Axelrod et al 452-459). They act like messengers in that they relay information from one part of the body to another. The main glands of the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, thyroid and parathyroid glands, pineal body, reproductive organs; pituitary and most important to this paper the adrenal glands (Axelrod et al 452-459).
Reflexes are an important component of the human body. When the environment around it stimulates the body, it reacts in a way to protect itself. Some reflexes are completely out of conscious control; some do not use the brain. For an example, a bright light shined in the eyes the pupils
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is largely regulated by autonomic reflexes and many of these reflexes; sensory information is transmitted to the hypothalamus and brainstem which are considered the control centers of our bodies (McCorry, 2006). Many of us have come to know the ANS as the involuntary nervous system. The ANS innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, endocrine and exocrine glands; therefore it significantly contributes to homeostasis (McCorry, 2006). Most of the sensory input is from the thoracic and abdominal viscera and is transmitted to the brainstem by afferent fibers of the cranial nerve X which is the vagus nerve. After the input is integrated the response is carried out by the transmission of nerve signals of the preganglionic autonomic neurons. So what are some functions of the autonomic nervous system one may ask? Blushing (my favorite) is a response from the frontal cortex and involves vasodilatation of blood vessels to the face. Others may include fainting and a fast heart rate or increased blo...
...s that enter the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and then cell carries the impulses from the spinal cord up to the brain. The signals produced from the primary afferent stimulation of the skin, and then transmitted into three regions in the spinal cord, the substantia gelatinosa, the dorsal column, and the transmission cells. The gate control theory proposed the gate in the spinal cord is the substantia gelatinosa within the dorsal horn, which then modulates the transmission of sensory information from the primary afferent neurons, then moving to the transmission cells in the spinal cord. Small and large fibers control the gating activity. The small fibers open the gate, whereas the large fibers close the gate. When nociceptor activity reaches a limit and activates pathway, opening the gate shows the pain behaviors and pain experiences (Moayedi & Davis, 2013).
Sensation refers to the process of sensing what is around us in our environment by using our five senses, which are touching, smell, taste, sound and sight. Sensation occurs when one or more of the various sense organs received a stimulus. By receiving the stimulus, it will cause a mental or physical response. It starts in the sensory receptor, which are specialized cells that convert the stimulus to an electric impulse which makes it ready for the brain to use this information and this is the passive process. After this process, the perception comes into play of the active process. Perception is the process that selects the information, organize it and interpret that information.
“Reflexes are automatic subconscious responses to change within or outside the body. They help maintain homeostasis by controlling many voluntary processes, such as heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, and digestion. Reflexes also carry out the automatic actions of swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting” (Shier, Butler, & Lewis, 2003). The reflex that integrated by the spinal cord is called spinal reflex. Spinal reflex might be modulated by higher input from the brain; however, it is able to occur without that input. A reflect arc is a neural pathway which controls a reflex action. In the book “Medical and Advanced Surgical Management of Pelvic Floor Disorders”, Cheryl B. Iglesia states:
With each of our senses (sight, smell, touch, taste, and hear), information is transmitted to the brain. Psychologists find it problematic to explain the processes in which the physical energy that is received by the sense organs can form the foundation of perceptual experience. Perception is not a direct mirroring of stimulus, but a compound messy pattern dependent on the simultaneous activity of neurons. Sensory inputs are somehow converted into perceptions of laptops, music, flowers, food, and cars; into sights, sounds, smells, taste ...
Vision is one of the key sensory systems that primates rely on to achieve remarkable success throughout life. Vision, as depicted by the authors of dictionary.com refers to sensing with eyes (dictionary.com, 2017). The sensory system vision, has several key components and receptor cells involved in order for the eye to communicate information to the brain and through the rest of the body. Throughout this paper, a clear and precise explanation of what those key components are will be discussed, as well as how the brain interacts with the images portrayed by the eye.
A reflex pathway, or a reflex arc, is a neural pathway that is involved in the activation of a reflex. Reflexes are reactions that respond to stimuli. They usually happen without the sensory neurons having to pass directly through the brain. Therefore, reflexes are called involuntary reactions since they happen without a command. This allows the reflex action to occur quickly because the electrical signal can be sent to the spinal cord immediately without needing to go through the brain. The brain receives sensory input as the action occurs, but not before. The human body has lots of reflex pathways. However, if a disruption occurs in these pathways, the person most likely has a certain kind of neurological disorder that will make the person
This reflex is considered to be a monosynaptic reflex, the reason for that is because only one synapse in the circuit is needed to complete the reflex (i.e., one chemical synapse connecting the sensory portion of the pathway to the motor portion of the pathway). It is so fast that it only takes ~50 milliseconds between the tap on the knee and the start of leg’s upward movement.
The sensory system is not a system by itself in the human body; it is actually a sub system or a part of the nervous system. When sensory receptors/neurons from the sensory organs detect a stimulus, this information is sent to the brain through sensory neurons and the reaction to that stimulus is sent back to that area of the body where the stimulus was present. Another strong relationship between the nervous system and the sensory system is that there are parts of the brain (the brain is part of the central nervous system) that are involved in sensory perception such as thalamus as well as the lobes of the brain such as the parietal lobe (this is mainly involved in the senses of smell, touch, and taste).
The nerve fibers in the foot form part of a nociceptor, a special receptor found all over the body, and start the pain process. The receptors translate the stimulus into an electrical impulse and send the impulse up the leg and towards the spine. A cluster of specialized cells in the spinal cord forms the dorsal horn, which processes the impulse into the spinal cord. The dorsal horn then sends the signal on to the brain, but the horn may also inhibit or amplify the impulse before sending it onward. After the dorsal horn, the signal travels through the neurons of the spinal cord, into the brain, and to the thalamus. The thalamus relays the signal to the somatosensory cortex, the frontal cortex, the limbic system, and other regions of the brain. The somatosensory cortex senses the pain to localize the affected area. The frontal cortex “thinks” about the signal to determine how best to escape and avoid the pain. The limbic system reacts to the pain on an emotional level, determining how unpleasant or tolerable the pain feels. Pain to the head and face take a shortcut through the brain stem to the thalamus (“The trouble with treating pain,”
Sense organs take in sensory information that gets sent to the brain, and the body acts on these messages. The eye is