Quenching (heat treatment process):
The process of heating a metal to its higher temperature and cooling it rapidly is called as quenching. Ferrous alloys after quenching produce a harder metal whereas non-ferrous alloys produce a softer than normal metal after quenching process. Effects of quenching on the structure of parental material:
When carbon steel is heated above the critical temperature, the carbon diffuses into steel to form a uniform structure called Austenite. When quenching process is done the structure changes into Martensite. From the begin of process to the end we can find that there is a complete change in the structure from Face centered cubic structure (FCC) to Body centered tetragonal (BCT) structure.
Effect of quenching
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These properties can be either physical or chemical. Some properties among them are tensile strength, hardness, internal stress, elongation, fracture toughness, density. These properties can be modified by surface treatment processes.
Effects of Surface treatments on the behaviour of parental material:
The behaviours of parental material like elastic behaviour, chemical behaviour, magnetic behaviour, corrosion behaviour, tensile behaviour, wear behaviour etc. is been affected. Surface treatment on the material can affect its fatigue life by decreasing its chance’s to failure, increasing its surface hardness and fatigue resistance along with these feature they show higher corrosion resistance, higher resistance to other chemicals or liquids and increased shear strength. Thus surface treatment process effects the behaviour of the parental material.
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Casting (Liquid processing):
Casting is a manufacturing process where hot liquid metal is poured into a mold. The liquid metal is allowed to cool down, and after solidification the metal is taken out of the mold or by breaking the mold. Casting process is used in the production of small or mediate components like pistons, wheels, liners, mill rolls, liners, cylinder blocks, machine tool beds
The Shang Dynasty invented and, over the years, perfected the technique of casting a bronze vessel from a clay mold assembly, which this wine vessel has also been made from using those techniques (Cantor). This mold was formed around a model of the vessel and was then cut into sections that were carved or impressed in the desired design, in this case the braided or grid design, on the inner or outer surfaces. The decorated clay piece-mold was then fired and reassembled around a clay core. Small bronze spacers were used to hold the piece-mold and the clay core apart. Then, molten bronze was poured into the mold. Using this piece-mold casting technique helped the bronze worker to achieve greater sharpness and definition in any intricate design
We use metals to construct all kinds of structures, from bridges to skyscrapers to elevators. The strength as well as durability of materials that are crafted out of metal make the materials ideal not only for construction but also for many other applications.
A wide variety of coating alloys and wrought alloys can be prepared that give the metal greater strength, castability, or resistance to corrosion or high temperatures. Some new alloys can be used as armor plate for tanks, personnel carriers, and other military vehicles.
Bronzes are made by making two molds (one larger than the other), pouring melted bronze in...
-Developed and implemented strip casting overseas to eliminate a step in the steel making process
Cold rolling in combination with annealing in a controlled atmosphere furnace, by grinding with abrasives, or by buffing a finely ground surface
The basis for the understanding of the heat treatment of steels is the Fe-C phase diagram. Because it is well explained in earlier volumes of Metals Handbook and in many elementary textbooks, the stable iron-graphite diagram and the metastable Fe-Fe3 C diagram. The stable condition usually takes a very long time to develop, especially in the low-temperature and low-carbon range, and therefore the metastable diagram is of more interest. The Fe-C diagram shows which phases are to be expected at equilibrium for different combinations of carbon concentration and temperature. We distinguish at the low-carbon and ferrite, which can at most dissolve 0.028 wt% C at 727 oC and austenite which can dissolve 2.11 wt% C at 1148 oC. At the carbon-rich side we find cementite. Of less interest, except for highly alloyed steels, is the d-ferrite existing at the highest temperatures. Between the single-phase fields are found regions with mixtures of two phases, such as ferrite + cementite, austenite + cementite, and ferrite + austenite. At the highest temperatures, the liquid phase field can be found and below this are the two phase fields liquid + austenite, liquid + cementite, and liquid + d-ferrite. In heat treating of steels the liquid phase is always avoided. Some important boundaries at single-phase fields have been given special names. These include: the carbon content at which the minimum austenite temperature is attained is called the eutectoid carbon content. The ferrite-cementite phase mixture of this composition formed during cooling has a characteristic appearance and is called pearlite and can be treated as a microstructural entity or microconstituent. It is an aggregate of alternating ferrite and cementite particles dispersed with a ferrite matrix after extended holding close to A1. The Fe-C diagram is of experimental origin. The knowledge of the thermodynamic principles and modern thermodynamic data now permits very accurate calculations of this diagram.
... mass produced using the investment casting processes by major automobile manufacturers, they were mainly used for engine components. In the year 1993, the first foundry application for plasma ladle refiner occurred at the Maynard Steel Casting Co. this was to show that lost wax process had developed into a major success, with better and efficient ways to cast being discovered, but the rate of discovery had slowed down. During the years 1995 to 2000, microstructure simulation was developed which contributed to much better understanding of metallurgy effects and properties in castings. This also included the benefits of controlling casting distortion, reducing residual stresses, eliminating cracks and etc. NASA released a physics based software tool that accurately predicted the filling of expanded polystyrene patterns and sand cores as numerous variables changed.
Some steel containers are made through deforming the steel by means of extruding, forging, spin forming, ...
Steel has become a fundamental part of almost every aspect of our daily lives, and has played an essential role in the development of the modern urbanised world. Steel is a unique and versatile material. It touches almost every part of modern life. From infrastructure and transport, to energy delivery, from canned food and electronics to machinery and the simplest of everyday objects, such as needles, spoons, nuts and bolts. Almost everything around us, most of which we rarely, if ever notice, is either made from or manufactured using steel.
"Metal Melting 101 - How To." Motorcycle Cruiser. Shop Talk, 24 May 2009. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.
When you think of “bronze casting,” what terms come to mind? You may think of the words “powerful” or “ancient,” or even “elegant.” Undoubtedly, Bronze is an extraordinary, versatile metal, and at Frank Billanti Casting Co., professional craftspeople are passionate about the art of lost-wax bronze casting—which is an intricate process of filling and setting a mold with common bronze alloys. Based in New York City’s Midtown district, founder Frank Billanti and his team are dedicated to each and every project they complete. Below, they tell you everything you need to know about the craft of bronze casting.
Metals possess many unique fundamental properties that make them an ideal material for use in a diverse range of applications. Many common place things know today are made from metals; bridges, utensils, vehicles of all modes of transport, contain some form of metal or metallic compound. Properties such as high tensile strength, high fracture toughness, malleability and availability are just some of the many advantages associated with metals. Metals, accompanied by their many compounds and alloys, similar properties, high and low corrosion levels, and affects, whether negative or positive, are a grand force to be reckoned with.
At the deformation temperature the grains are highly unstable so grain growth is major problem and that can be solved by the presence of second phase. Shape, size and distribution of second phase play important role for controlling cavitation and growth during deformation [6]. Maehara has shown elongation of around 2000% at a stain rate of 2×10-3s-1 in the temperature range of 950-1000°C. He proposed different mechanism for in this type of case. The presence of hard particles can lead to recrystallization in soft matrix. The σ phase acts as heterogeneous nucleation sites for recrystallization. Soft particles in hard matrix are not beneficial but reverse of this can be advantageous for superplasticity provided optimum quantity of second phase is maintained for
The most common and recognizable plastic manufacturing process is injection molding. This process uses thermoplastics and is responsible for many of the consumer products we enjoy today. During the process, the thermoplastic is super-heated and injected into a ceramic mold. The plastic is pressed into the mold and held until cool. Before completely cooled, the mold is removed and the product is finished with paint. This process can sometimes leave a residual line from where the mold parts joined together,