INTRODUCTION:
There are new approaches and agents against certain types of cancer that are urgently needed. Some of the new agents use highly advanced technology utilizing nanoencapsulation that will improve the therapeutic index of the natural drugs. Nanoparticles for cancer therapeutics are rapidly evolving and are being introduced in an attempt to overcome several limitations of conventional small-molecule chemotherapeutics. Though chemotherapy is successful to some extent in certain cancers, it has several limitations (14). I will be discussing three natural products (Currcumin, Thymoquinone and Genistein) from plants that have anti-cancer effects. These three natural products have been studied for its antitumor mechanism against pancreatic cancer. The natural products have to be given in large quantities, due to its very short half-life and poor bioavailability. Therefore, to increase its bioavailability, they intend to load the natural products in stearically stabilized micelles and target them on receptors on plasma membrane of tumor cells. By delivering a cargo of chemosensitizers, which effectively block drug efflux from cancer cells, natural products can increase intracellular drug concentrations and significantly enhance the cytotoxic effect of various antitumor effects (14). The stearically stabilized components will have greater growth inhibitory, and apoptotic potential.
BACKGROUND:
PANCREATIC CANCER
Cancer represents one of the most severe health problems worldwide and the development of new anticancer drugs and more effective treatment strategies are fields of utmost importance in drug discovery and clinical therapy (6). Among all cancers, pancreatic cancer is one of the worst. Even with the survival rat...
... middle of paper ...
...in Long, Yang Wan, Feng Luo, Xia Zhao, and ZhiYong Qian. "Curcumin-loaded Biodegradable Polymeric Micelles for Colon Cancer Therapy in Vitro and in Vivo." The Royal Society of Chemistry10 (2010): 1-10.
20. Kinghorn, Douglas A., Young-Won Chin, and Steven M. Swanson. "Discovery of Natural Product Anticancer Agents from Biodiverse Organisms." NIH Public Access 12.2 (2009): 189-96.
21. Davis, David A., Sarah H. Sarkar, Maha Hussain, Yiwei Li, and Fazlul H. Sarkar. "Increased Therapeutic Potential of an Experimental Anti-mitotic Inhibitor SB715992 by Genistein in PC-3 Human Prostate Cancer Cell Line." BMC Cancer 6.22 (2006): 1-9.
22. Chen, Dongfeng, Xubo Wu, Jiaxiang Wang, Baosan Han, Ping Zhu, and Chenghong Peng. "Morphological Observation of Interaction between PAMAM Dendrimer Modified SWCNT and Pancreatic Cancer Cells." Nano Biomed Eng 2.1 (2010): 60-64.
Montaner, B. and Perez-Tomas, R. 2001. Prodigiosin-induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Life sciences, 68 (17), p. 2025-2036.
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most dangerous cancer in the United States, and the more we learn about it, the less deadly it becomes. This cancer begins in the Pancreas, a gland behind the stomach, that aides in digestion and disperses hormones critical to keep our body functioning. While many people have a mild understanding of pancreatic cancer, most do not realize that “pancreatic cancer” is an umbrella term for many different types of cancerous tumors. The most common of these is the adenocarcinoma, which begins in the ducts of the pancreas
In this case study, our concern goes for the chitosan nanoparticles; firstly nanoparticles are able to adsorb and/or encapsulate a drug, thus protecting it against chemical and enzymatic degradation. Furthermore the encapsulated drug may be prevented from crystallization, thus forming a solid solution. Depending on drug solubility in the carrier, a drug load varying from only a few percent up to 50%] Secondly, chitosan is ...
Chemotherapy is the treatment of a tumor with chemical agents to reduce mass or eradicate a tumor completely. There are certain mechanisms by which chemotherapy inhibits cancer. The first mechanism is cell death by cytotoxicity. Some chemical agents in certain amounts are toxic to cells. The cells die due to the toxic...
Li, Y., Wicha, M. S., Schwartz, S. J., & Sun, D. (2011, February 4). Implications of Cancer Stem Cell Theory for Cancer Chemoprevention by Natural Dietary Compounds. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3248810/
Thought to be an oncogene, a gene that has potential in transforming normal cells into tumor cells, p53 was regarded as the most prominent tumor suppressor gene [1]. P53 is a gene which signals apoptosis (programmed cell death) if a cell cannot be repaired due to an extensive amount of damage. As stated in the textbook, p53 regulation occurs by an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase known as MDM2 [1]. "Controlling the controller" is a statement that describes the molecular interaction where the presence of MDM2 targets the p53 for proteosome via degradation. With three main checkpoints in cell cycle, the literature states p53 functioning from G1 into S phase in a chaotic cell [2]. The normal state of cells is to keep p53 levels low in order to prevent uncontrolled apoptosis and random cell cycle arrest from occurring. In a further note, although p53 promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, cancer may result from p53 unable to recognize the problematic site. In turn, a mutation in p53 may result engaging in new activities. These activities include cellular transformation, tumor metastasis,...
Some medication that slice oncogenes measure already been manner, and additional measure on the approach. This can be mentioned in additional detail presently during this monument. A few cancer syndromes measure caused by hereditary mutations of proto-oncogenes that (cancer.org, 2014)supply the CELL to be formed on (activated). For case, multiple endocrine pathologic process image two (MEN2) is caused by a chromosomal mutation within the factor designate. Individuals hooked up by this syndrome typically develop a rare thyroid cancer referred to as medullary cancer of the thyroid. They (cancer.org, 2014)conjointly develop different tumors, embrace tumor and nerve tumors.
Newbold, R. F. (2002). The significance of telomerase activation and cellular immortalization in human cancer. Mutagenesis, 17(6), 539-550.
Almost everyone is touched by cancer in some way and the number of people living with and beyond cancer grows greater every year. Globally 14 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year and 8 million people will die from it annually. Half of all men and one-third of all women will develop cancer during their lifetime. (13) There are many treatments for cancer, mainly: surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. These traditional treatments have many negative side effects. Therefore, increasingly, other treatments, such as hormonal therapy and targeted therapy are being used for certain cancers. Nanotechnology is a form of targeted therapy that destroys cancer tumors with minimal damage to healthy tissues and organs. Scientists are already using nanotechnology in early detection of elimination of cancer cells before they form tumors. But the real game changer will be when nanotechnology targets cancer tumors in treatment (11,13).
Many cancer diagnoses have high percentage of survival rate with proper treatment including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. However, there is one considerable cancer diagnosis that ultimately has a very low percentage of survival. Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States and the fifth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. By 2020, pancreatic cancer is estimated to be the second leading cause of cancer death (Pancreatic Cancer Network, 2014). Pancreatic cancer accounts for a very small percentage of the cancers diagnosed each year; however has a less than 5% five-year survival rate. This is greatly due to the demographics of the pancreatic cancer diagnosis.
Dosing regimens and drug combinations were selected empirically and this is due to several challenges.[7, 8] First, most protocols utilise drug combinations and each drug has a different mechanism of action. Secondly, dose optimisation has not been established because low-dose protocols aren’t defined by dose-limiting toxicities. Finally, clinically applicable biomarkers of tumour response are yet to be established.[23]
The American Cancer Society publishes current advances made in cancer research on their website. Many of the exciting discoveries about how best to treat the disease focus on the genetic aspects associated with certain types of cancer. In addition, treatments aimed at genetic solutions to cancer may be more effective and may cause fewer adverse side effects than traditional cancer treatments (American Can...
25 April 2014. Muller, F. Toxicological Sciences. 2014. The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. 24 April 2014. National Cancer Institute.
...ional Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 24 Jan. 2014. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.
...e of a modern multidisciplinary discipline that could serve to arouse the interesting medicinal sciences. Increased interest in the study of natural products in drug development, as well as rapidly altering investigation strategies are the driving forces, modernizing the pharmacognosy. Pharmacognosy, now a day focuses on finding novel and unique molecules and revealing unknown targets by studying such molecules in nature. It is now well understood that pharmacognosy is one of several scientific disciplines that have an inimitable strategic position in connecting biology with chemistry and even medicine. New and improved strategies regarding the selection of organism selection, bioassays techniques, isolation procedures, and structure elucidation are constantly devoloped based on the latest advancements in pharmacognosy (Bruhn & Bohlin, 1997; Claeson & Bohlin, 1997).