Nano-Thermal Analysis of Pharmaceutical Materials Thermal methods of analysis have been in use for quite a long time. Their application in the analysis of pharmaceutical materials has made it possible for pharmacists and researchers to understand their contents and characteristics. However, thermal methods have several disadvantages that have led researchers to opt for nano-thermal methods of analysis. Nano-thermal analysis methods use special resolution imaging potential that is enhanced by the availability of atomic force microscopy and thermal analysis methods. Nano-thermal analysis methods are also known as micro-thermal procedures and they use the principle of characterizing highly localized materials on a micrometer. The characterization is then changed from a micrometer scale to a sub-micrometer scale with the temperature being regulated to the specified units. The application of nano-thermal analysis methods started towards the end of the 20th century. Although it has been applied in several other fields including microelectronics, its application in pharmaceuticals has not been that popular. The nano-thermal analysis method is capable of studying the specific regions of a sample irrespective of its composition. In a multi-component sample, the analysis methods make it possible for the researchers to distinguish between the different components and identify the different characteristics found in each of the sample (Craig, 2002). During the analysis of any sample, the nano-thermal method does not necessarily require the physical alteration of the sample. In its place, it is capable of analyzing any sample through surface studies. One of the characteristics of the nano-thermal analysis is its localized nature. This me... ... middle of paper ... ...gs must be within the medical specifications and without proper analysis; the consumers may be subjected to dangerous components within a drug. The analysis is therefore one of the most effective methods of ensuring that each drug being prescribed to patients is safe. It also ensures that all drug components are understood in terms of their structure and chemical behavior. This understanding is very important in the manufacture of drugs and other pharmaceutical products. Works Cited Craig, D. Q. (2002). Pharmaceutical Applications of Micro-Thermal Analysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 91(5), 1201-1213. Dai, X., Reading, M., & Craig, D.Q.M. (2008). Mapping Amorphous Material on a Partially Crystalline Surface: Nanothermal Analysis for Simultaneous Characterisation and Imaging of Lactose Compacts. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 98, 1499–1510.
We obtained a purified yield of 22% for a white, crystalline solid, which weighed 0.033 g. Then, we used deuterated-chloroform to dissolve a small amount of the reaction product for 1H NMR testing. Because we had a small amount of purified product, this required us to rotovap the 1H NMR solution so that we can reuse the remaining for IR testing as well. We added an extra IR test for isopropanol to help us analyze the IR results for the product. Melting point was measured with the plateau temperature set at 64°C, which is 5°C below biphenyl’s expected boiling point of 69°C (U.S. National Library of Medicine). The melting point for the greyish solid was determined to be 64°C.
...roduce stable electrically conductive bio-nano-composite tissue materials that have been used as temperature sensing elements. This is an exciting new area of scientific discovery. I am eager to read more about the benefits and possibilities that exist with this new biotech process.
The particle size was monitored at regular time intervals during storage to assess particle aggregation. The nanoparticles are thermodynamically unstable system and for their stability, a zeta potential value between –30 mV and –60 mV is desirable to avoid aggregation of particles (Muller et al., 2000). Thus, zeta potential measurement gives us the assessment of the storage stability of nanoparticles. In addition, Tween 80 could improve the stability of the system due to its steric effect that increases the repulsion between particles and prevents their aggregation (Lim and Kim 2002). Stability of MLX-NLC gel was evaluated in terms of their MLX entrapment efficiency. Log (E.E %) was plotted against time and the slopes (m) were calculated by linear regression. The slopes (m) were then substituted into the following equation for the determination of k values:
...g inappropriate medications and suffering from dangerous side effects in doing so. Caution is likewise advised, especially for elderly patients, pregnant or lactating women, and patients with chronic conditions, in taking medications without proper medical consultation.
al, V. m. (2012). long range scanning probe microscopy applications in local mechanical analysis. NanoCon . Czech Republic: NanoCon.
Thermogravimetry (TG) has been extensively used for the determination of the thermal decomposition kinetics of polymeric binders. The kinetic
Nanotechnology is commonly employed in several critical fields such as drug delivery (Li et al., 2004), environmental science (Kuang et al., 2010), engineering catalysis (He et al., 2013; Jinesh et al., 2010) and many other sectors. One of its important application field is in agriculture (Campos et al., 2014; Hussein et al., 2002). Different kinds o...
The response is borne out at temperatures from 600 to 1000 ºC for about 1 to 4 hours by using sol-gel method where all of the new materials were first broken up in ethyl alcohol (EtOH) and combine all in concert with different transition metal (e.g. Co (II or III), Mn, Li) concentrations [56, 57]. The mixtures solution then will be stirred around 60-80 °C till they form aerogel with the addition of catalyst acid. The aerogel were then burned or dry heat in oven till dry gel form. Finally, each of the samples is sintered at different temperatures from 600 to 1000 ºC for about 1 to 4 h till they melt [58–60]. The provision of the sample are briefly depicted in Figure 3
If prescribed and used properly, medication safety should be guaranteed. Unfortunately, the reality is that medication errors are made at the pharmacy level that can endanger patient safety. Adverse drug reactions or overdosing are the most important consequences of failing to complete the medication use process as intended¬¬¬1. Errors can occur at any point within the medication process, but the areas that concern us most as pharmacist is in the prescribing, labeling, and dispensing. We also focus on ensuring the patient is well informed on how to use their medication before dispensing. Most, if not all, errors are preventable, and we can create strategies and systems to eliminate as much error as possible.
This study attempts to understand the in-situ kinetic surface nano-structure, reaction and interfacial analysis by using Raman spectroscopy. The main techniques are SERS with several types of SERS sensor, temperature calculation from anti-Stokes Raman scattering, depth profile with a step of 1 angstrom. The analysis was completed with atomistic resolution, high quality, kinetically and in situ. In following sections, all the techniques employed in this study for analyzing interfacial reaction, will be introduced one by one.
Safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals are two fundamental issues of importance in drug therapy. The safety of a drug is determined by its pharmacological and toxicological profile as well as the adverse effects caused by the impurities in bulk and dosage forms. The impurities in drugs often possess unwanted pharmacological or toxicological effects by which any benefit from their administration may be outweighed (Nageswara at el., 2003). Therefore, it is quite obvious that the products intended for human consumption must be characterized as completely as possible. The quality and safety of a drug is generally assured by monitoring and controlling the impurities effectively. Thus, the analytical activities concerning quantification of active ingredients and impurities in drugs are among the most important issues in modern pharmaceutical analysis (Nageswara at el., 2003).
Since 1959 that the concept of nanotechnology had been introduced to the American Physical Society meeting by Richard Feynman, it has been developed and applied into versatile areas (Azeredo, 2009). To define nanomaterial or nanostructure, this material must have at least one dimensional particle size about 1–100 nm (Duncan, 2011). It can be composite materials, ceramics, metals or polymeric materials (Hickman, 2002). A nanometer scale material can change the physical and chemical properties of conventional material and enhance the performances of ordinary material due to its miniaturization and greater surface area over their conventional form (Aitken et al., 2006). Therefore, it has been considered as an alternative material in broad interdisciplinary areas; such as, structural materials, constructions, electronics, information technologies, energy managements, food industries, pharmaceutical, and medical areas (Landsiedel et al., 2010; Sozer and Kokini, 2009). A basic properties of material; flexibility, durability, flame resistance, barrier properties or recycling properties can be modifided by nanomateriasl (Wagner, 2013). So, nanotechnologies are one of the century’s key technology developments (Landsiedel et al., 2010). In present, there are many consumer products contained nanomaeiral have been launched in market (Aitken et al., 2006). Many global food companies are reported about exploring the potential of nanotechnology application in their foods and food packagings (Chaudhry et al., 2008).
In 1987 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) established its expectations regarding process validation in the Guidance for Industry Process Validation. In this document the general principles and process validation components that are considered vital towards effective process validation are outlined. It also highlights the importance that these approaches be consistently and repeatedly used by all manufacturers through their manufacturing processes. The FDA also outlines the importance of the cohesion between process validation and other pharmaceutical regulatory systems such and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), Quality, compliance and the manufacturing lifecycle. Since 1987, the FDA has also produced revised guidance's building on the principles in its original document to maintain and modern and updated approach to the topic. In essence, this document highlights how controlled and effective process validation is required to maintain the highest standards of drug quality to allow the safe and repeatable production of pharmaceuticals intended for human use. If these principles h...
Nanoparticles have got considerable attention globally in recent years due to their wide range of applications in many fields like pharmaceutical applications environmental pollution control, catalysis, biological tagging, drug delivery systems, photonics, optoelectronics and material chemistry (Ghosh et al., 2012). Nanoparticles are considered to be the building blocks of next generation of electronics, optoelectronics, and various chemical biochemical sensors, in therapeutics and diagnostics (Pavani et al., 2013).
At different concentrations, many curves were obtained with one having the highest peak. The curve with the highest peak on the intensity axis was used to trace the present compound which synchronizes with a unique crystalline lattice and lattice spacing. Sodium Nitrate NaNO3 (Nitratine) compound was detected (Figure 1, 2, 3, 4 and