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Factors influencing expression of emotions
Naturalistic observation
Naturalistic observation
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Introduction:
While completing my Naturalistic Observation, I set out to study human emotions. Emotions fascinate me because they are an essential aspect of life and they play a critical role in way people think and behave. Emotions allow individuals to express themselves which creates a unique personality for everyone. Facial expressions have a strong correlation with people’s emotions. They are one of the best ways to understand how a person is feeling by portraying emotions of happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust. Many of these emotions are unpleasant and can be difficult to express. There are times when our strongest emotions hide behind other emotions because they can represent our deepest fears and it is scary to express them. My Naturalistic Observation focuses on the study of a positive emotion, happiness, and how it is indicated through facial expression. Smiling is a facial expression that is often associated with the emotion of
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Even if not all the smiles were genuine, the women were shown to be more expressive of their emotions to the cashier. I only observed the interaction between the customer and the cashier a couple of times. I remember when the cashier greeted one women by saying, “Hello, How are you? Do you have your shoprite card with you today?” and the women smiled, continued the conversation, and replied, “Hi, I’m doing great! How are you?” as she handed the cashier her shoprite card. If I had observed the genuinity of all of the smiles, this woman I observed would count as genuine. If this is any example of how the other women treated the cashier, I would consider the women to be overall more willing to reciprocate positive emotions. My results favored the women as smiling more when greeted by another person which tells me that the question I set out to answer is logical and can be replicated by future
The researchers went about the testing process by showing each individual 3 pictures of different facial expressions and have them explain what it is that the person was feeling in the photograph. They compared these results to a control group of 23 adults who have been exposed to western civilization, and who were familiar with other cultures.
G.E. Moore in his work Pricipia Ethica outlines that something complex can be explained by specifying it basic properties (qtd. in Schroeder). In contrast, Moore explains that something simplistic cannot be explained further by using basic properties (qtd. in Schroeder). To try to explain something simplistic by basic properties would be to commit the naturalistic fallacy. The naturalistic fallacy is a fallacy because it is an error in definition and it is similar to the is-ought distinction.
While communicating with another human being, one only has to examine the other’s face in order to comprehend what is being said on a much deeper level. It is said that up to 55 percent of a message’s meaning can be derived from facial expression (Subramani, 2010). These facial manipulations allow thoughts to be expressed in ways that are often difficult to articulate verbally, with the face demonstrating “the thoughts of the mind, and the feelings of the heart” (Singla). Many expressions are said to universal, particularly those showing happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and...
Unfortunately, many lack tact and dive into things head first without providing a foundation for the reader to stand upon. The excitement to begin imparting all they have learned is endearing but ultimately, it is poor strategy. In order to understand anything regarding naturalistic observation and its research value, one must first understand the practice itself; both humans and animals can be subjected to naturalistic observation. The logistical issues tend to be availability of participants, ensuring that their privacy is respected, and whether the observations will be performed where the observer can be seen. Both approaches are used in animal and human naturalistic observation research. Being hidden, researchers are confident that those observed are not acting differently because they are being observed. This method effectively reduces or removes any chance of reactivity and this is goal, ensuring validity by allowing the subject to act in its most authentic nature without the interference of an outside force. Though this is ideal, there are times when observers cannot hide, and in those instances they must collect data over a long enough period to deduce whether or not their presence is affecting the actions of their research subjects. Privacy concerns greatly limit the use of naturalistic observation to places that are generally accessible to the public in the context of human observation but not chimpanzee, so the subject greatly effects the methodology.
By assessing the personal meaning of events, emotion comes up. What’s more, positive emotions have not only a role of marking happiness, but also a function to continue
This literature review will aim to discuss the universality of facial expressions of emotion drawing up points from a biological social and psychological view. Focusing on the debate of whether universal facial expressions of emotion exist through the biological perspective and if they don’t through a social perspective. As a result the biological and social perspective will be both merged to clarify the presence of certain universal expressions or emotion and the absence of others. Thus touching upon Charles Darwin’s theory, an anthropological cultural perspective, studies with blind children, and a study on mirco-expression and corpse muscles and finally language as a limitation. Since Facial expressions are the communication of emotion. As well as emotional images stimulate facial expressions.
However, using emotions is not all bad and misleading. Some consider that not only do emotions help make sense of social and cultural experiences and behaviors, but they are also the source of specific ethical and political knowledge by helping us form an understanding of the world arou...
The terms the subjects were given to choose from were happiness, surprise, disgust, contempt, anger, fear and sadness. The result was consistent evidence of agreement across all cultures examined. In order to rule out the possibility that exposure to mass-media had taught the subjects to recognize Caucasian facial expressions, Ekman and Friesen undertook a similar study among a visually isolated culture in New Guinea (1). A different methodology was used; people were shown the photographs of posed Caucasian facial expressions and were asked to make up a story about the person and the moments leading up to that image. From these stories, Ekman and Friesen concluded that these subjects were able to identify the emotions accurately.
There can be ways in which people communicate without words including through facial expressions, tone of voice, body position and movement, touch and gaze. Charles Darwin believed that human emotional expressions are universal that all human express and interpret expressions in the same way. Modern research suggests that Darwin was right, for the six major emotional expressions, anger, happiness, surprise, fear, disgust and sadness. They help people make inferences about why others behave the way they...
People thrived to experience life, and to seek out emotions, whether they were good or bad. This emotion and imagination of th...
In the article, The Psychological Study of Smiling written by Eric Jaffe, we go through the science and benefits of smiling. Jaffe explains the muscle movements and autonomic acts of smiling. The most interesting part in my opinion is the way humans can decipher a “real” smile from a “fake” smile. The way one can tell a real smile from a fake smile is through the eyes (Jeffe, 2010). He then goes on to explain the variation of smiles. Smiles differ from different events such as “listening to jazz music, reading the Bible, looking at pornography, and decapitating live rats” (Jeffe 2010). Researchers have now decided that smiles do not show ones expression, but their true personality (Jeffe, 2010). This is the part of the article that really sparked my interest. My mother has always told me to put a smile on my face when I am feeling shy or sad or scared in order to mask my true emotions from the world. I always thought this to be true until finding out that this could be foiled by looking at my eyes. Is there a way for me to teach myself to mask my smile even more? Or even a way to learn to feel genuinely happy at all costs? Another im...
Park, HB, Han, JE. & Hyun, JS 2015, ‘You may look unhappy unless you smile: The distinctiveness of a smiling face against faces without an explicit smile’, Acta psychologica, vol. 157, no. 1, pp.185-194, doi:
Not only do people get useful information from smiles, they also use this knowledge to direct their own behaviour. Duchenne smiles than those bearing false grins. “Duchenne smiles are a signal of cooperation, altruism. Non-Duchenne smiling isn't necessarily bad but it’s not a great signal. Socially rejected people should be looking for the best signal, and Duchenne genuine smiles offers it to them.
It is imperative to consider the person you are interacting with as children interpret facial expressions differently to adults (Balconi, 2010). Children watch an adult’s facial expression and their tone of voice to distinguish what researchers call as ‘social referencing’; at the age of 10 months children can use emotion to interpret information (Talaris Institute , 2012). People who have different cultural backgrounds may also find what is being said difficult to interpret; if we are being unclear regarding our expressions. Dimberg, Thunberg and Elmehed (2000) believes that when communication with others, we automatically mimic the other persons facial expression. Facial expressions are amongst the most universal forms of body language. Matsumoto (2006) states that there are six universal facial expressions. These include anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise; and they are distinguishable by any person, from any culture or
Neutral which is one where no movements have occurred, happy that indicated by a smile and crescent-shaped eyes, sad is usually display upwardly slanted eyebrows and a frown, angry the look and demeanor is unmistakable, because the eyebrows are squeezed together to form a crease, and eyelids are tight and straight, surprised which is easily identified by its widened eyes and gaping mouth, scared is characterized by widened eyes and eyebrows slanted upward, and the mouth is usually open to some degree as well, and lastly disgusted which is an emotional response of revulsion to something considered offensive or unpleasant. There are also something attributes to facial expressions such as; snap judgement, which is a quickly-made decision or judgement, micro-expression is a brief, involuntary facial expression shown on the face or to hide what you are truly