Mumps Virus
Mumps is a paramyxovirus that is closely related to the parainfluenza virus. Its symptoms were first described in the 5th century BC, and it was a very common childhood affliction until the last several decades. It was identified as a virus in 1934, and an effective vaccine was developed in 1967. Mumps is acquired by aerosol, necessitating close human interaction for spread. Human beings are the only known reservoir for mumps virus, and there is only one serotype.
Multiplication
The virus is primarily spherical shaped and roughly 200nm in size, surrounded by a host-cell derived membrane. Its genome is minus-sense single-stranded RNA 16-18 kb in length. It contains matrix protein inside the envelope, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, fusion protein, nucleocapsid protein, and L and P proteins to form the RNA polymerase. The host-cell receptors on the outside are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The virus is allowed to enter the cell when the hemagglutinin/ neuraminidase glycoproteins fuse with the sialic acid on the surface of the host cell, and the capsid enters the cytoplasm. The infected cells express the fusion protein from the virus, and this links the host cells together to create syncitia.
The virus replicates in the cytoplasm and is released through budding.
Spread and Symptoms
Mumps is primarily a childhood disease, occurring most frequently between the ages of 5 to 9, although it was also known as a problem for soldiers during war because of the sanitary conditions and close proximity. For instance, in World War I only influenza and gonorrhea were more prevalent among the armies. It replicates inside the nose, throat, and regional lymph nodes. The virus incubates for about 14-18 days, and then a viremia occurs for about 3-5 days. During the viremia it can spread to the meninges, salivary glands, testes, ovaries and pancreas. Out of the infected population, 30 to 40% get swollen parotid salivary glands, with most of the rest being asymptomatic or having only respiratory problems. Around 60% of patients have asymptomatic meningitis, with up to 15% progressing to symptomatic. Encephalitis is also possible, occurring in around 5/100,000 cases. The encephalitis almost always results in some permanent hearing loss, and was historically the leading cause of hearing loss in children. Orchitis (testicular swelling) happens in up to 50% of post-pubertal males, with oophritis (ovarian swelling) happening in only 5% of women. Orchitis often results in testicular atrophy but very rarely in sterility.
Al Capone’s family came with a wave of other Italian immigrants that migrated to the United States in the 1800’s. Most immigrants in that time were living in poverty and in very urban areas. Capone’s family lived in the heart of Brooklyn, but his father was a successful barber which allowed them a slightly better lifestyle than most. Al Capone was the fourth of nine children and grew up with a very tight-knit Italian family who were trying to succeed in their new country”. Capone attended public school in the city and had a natural brightness by keeping a “B average” despite playing hooky on many occasions. The sixth grade showcased Capone’s short temper when he hit a female teacher who was lecturing him. This incident reveals the beginning of who Al Capone would come to be. After being suspended for his violence, he never officially furthered his education. He began his life of crime by joining the kid gangs that existed all over Brooklyn. These “gangs” were nothing more than children being hoodlums and participating in petty crimes, although they would be the ...
Al Capone (Alfonso or Alphonse Capone) was born in 1899 and passed away in the year of 1947. Once he had been brought up in New York City, Capone became connected with crimes and was the subject of murder investigations. In 1920 he moved to Chicago and became a lieutenant to John Torrio, a notorious gang leader. They established numerous speakeasies in Chicago in the Prohibition era. After eliminating his opponents, "Scarface" Capone took over control from Torrio. He was implicated in brutal murders and received tribute from businessmen and politicians. Al Capone was a well known powerful, murderous gangster in America in the 1920’s. (MasterFile EbscoHost)
Countless things have been written about Al Capone were merely fictitious, such as he was born in Italy, when actually he was the first Capone to be born in the United States. When Gabriele Capone came to the United States, he owed no one and was able to read and write in his homeland language. This helped him to get a job and work until he could save enough money to open his own barbershop. He brought with him his 27-year-old wife, Teresa and their two sons, Vincenzo Capone and Rafaele Capone. Later another son, Salvatore Capone was born in 1895, finally the fourth son born in 1899 was Alphonse Capone. Later in 1906 when Gabreile became an American Citizen, all of the family took American names. Vincenzo became James, Rafaele became Ralph, and Alphonse became Al. Later children were John, Albert John, Matthew Nicholas, and Rose. With this large loving family, what made Alphonse become a major figure in Organized Crime? Was he a child who was abused by adults? Was some genetic strain of violence passed on to the child before he was born? No he was not, the Capone family was a quiet conventional family. Al Capone did very well in school until the sixth grade when he lost his temper and hit the teacher and she hit him back, resulting in Al being expelled from school. Al was never going to go back to school again.
January 17, 1899 Alphonse Gabriel Capone was born to Gabriele and Teresina Capone (about.com). Capone was the fourth of nine children born in to the family. Capone’s mother and father emigrated from Naples, Italy and settled in Brooklyn, New York. Capone’s father was a barber, and his mother stayed home with the children (about.com). Capone was in two gangs as a child, Five Point Gang, and Brooklyn Dive (chicagohs.org). In sixth grade, Capone dropped out of school; some say it is because he beat up his teacher. Others say he dropped out to help earn money for his family. After dropping out of school, for whatever reason, Capone had quite a few different jobs. He was a candy store clerk, a pin boy at a bowling alley, a cutter at a book bindery, and a bouncer bartender at the Harvard Inn. While working at the Harvard Inn, Capone got into a fight with Frank Gallucio after Capone said a comment to Gallucio’s sister (about.com). During the fight Gallucio pulled out a knife and slashed Capones face. The cut left a scar leaving Capone with the nickname, Scarface.
The Measles starts with a fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and sore throat. It is then followed by a rash that spreads over the body, starting first on the face along the hairline. The infectious period of measles is 4 days before rash onset through 4 days after rash onset. The measles are a highly contagious virus that lives in the nose and throat mucus and spreads through the air through coughing and sneezing. (WHO, 2016). The measles virus can remain airborne for up to an hour after the infected person has left the area. The measles are so contagious that if one person has it, 90% of the unvaccinated people close to them will become infected. Rarely can the virus be deadly. The incubation period for
In order to be infected with the mumps virus one must be in direct contact with it . The virus is spread though salivary and respiratory secretions of its host which are humans (Marjorie, K.C.). Whether though kissing or through droplets of a simple sneeze the virus is spread very easily and is also very contagious. Once infected with the virus the normal nonspecific symptoms begin to occur such as headaches, malaise and muscle pain. Only after about 16-18 days will you see specific symptoms such as parotitis whic...
Born in Brooklyn, New York, in the year 1899, Alphonse “Al” Gabriel Capone was one of eight children. Gabriel Capone and Teresina Raiola, Al Capone’s parents, were immigrants from Naples, Italy (Al Capone). As a child, Capone was expelled from school after he hit his teacher in response to the teacher hitting him. The Capone family of ten lived in a small apartment in the heart of Brooklyn but later moved into a nicer neighborhood called Park Slopes (A & E Television Networks). In his new neighborhood of Park Slopes, Capone met his future wife, Mary Coughlin, and his future life and mob mentor, Johnny Torrio.
Al Capone was a boy born on January 17, 1899 (Chicago Historical Society). He was born in the city of Brooklyn, New York. His given name was Alphonsus Capone from his Italian background, but everyone called him Al. Capone grew up in a truly poor neighborhood in Brooklyn. He was a very smart kid; however, he dropped out of school at the young age of fourteen. He was a member of two different child gangs. The names were the Brooklyn Rippers and the Forty- thieves Juniors. The Forty- thieves Juniors were a young branch of the original Forty- thieves. Not only was he already part of child gangs, Capone also had many odd jobs in his life. Some examples of these jobs are a clerk in a candy store, pin boy in a bowling alley, cutter in a book bindery, Harvard Inn bouncer and bartender. As he grew up he was still tied into many bad things, but then he met Mary Coughlin. He met her at a dance in 1918. On December 4, 1918, she gave birth to their son Albert “Sonny” Francis. Capone and Coughlin were married on December 30, 1918 (Chicago Historical Society). His sid...
Born in Brooklyn, New York in January 1899, Capone was one of eight children. His parents were recent Italian immigrants looking to start fresh in America, the land of opportunity, and would never begin to suspect that they had birthed a boy who would in later years become America’s most notorious gangster, the ultimate “Public Enemy No. 1”.1 Up until the sixth grade Capone worked hard in school, trying to be...
Al Capone better known as scarface was born in january 17 1899 in brooklyn. His parents had many dreams when they left naples to go to america. settled in brooklyn during the hardship life was rough for the capones as they struggled to escape the water front. The capones moved to a better neighborhood garfield pl when he was 10 .
Al Capone was born on January 17, 1899, in Brooklyn, New York. He was the fourth born of nine children, not all born yet. He was raised in the rough part of Brooklyn, “Williamsburg”. In sixth grade Capone got into a fight with his teacher, it was at that time that he dropped out of school and never came back. At this young age, Capone started getting involved with small criminals (MacNee 13). On December 30, of 1918, when Capone was just 19 years old, he got married to Mary “Mae” Coughlin. Not too long after, Capone had a son (King 7) His family
Most of Al Capone’s life seems unreal, but it is true. It all started when he was born on January 17, 1899, in Brooklyn, New York. He was baptized Alphonsus Capone. As the fourth oldest of nine children, he didn’t receive much attention. “At birth, Capone's parents never would have believed that their son Alphonse would grow up to be a murderous thug without remorse. (The Encyclopedia of World Crime 603)” Capone was very wise when it came to living on the streets of New York. He was a genius when it came to street smarts. As far as school goes, Capone was almost illiterate. He came from a poverty stricken neighborhood in Brooklyn, so education was not a top priority. Capone was forced to either deal with a low wage job with a hopeless future or make an improvement for himself by committing crime. “Al Capone's philosophy was to the effect that laws only applied to people who had enough money to abide by them. (The Mafia Encyclopedia 603)”
Al Capone 's violent rise to power in Chicago and the media attention it brought made him a lasting figure of the prohibition era and organized crime in general.
In 1978, the U.S. Public Health Service started vaccinating for measles. All school age children were vaccinated. Two years later the measles virus occurring went down 99 percent. Now days, measles is very rare and all children are vaccinated for it. Measles Measles is a highly contagious disease.
Jane Austen is known for her never ending satirical criticism towards England’s social stratification in “Pride and Prejudice” along with her other works. We see the difficulties Elizabeth Bennet faces with the marriage system and her social class rank that was faced by women all over the world. Elizabeth Bennet’s personality complexity breaks the women stereotype in this novel, showing how independent and logical they could be. “Pride and Prejudice” is a reflection of gender oppression and social roles influenced by Jane Austen’s life during eighteenth century England.