Embryonic development is a remarkable process that requires carefully regulated cell proliferation, the formation of distinct cell lineases that adopt unique cell functions, and finally the concerted interaction between cell types to produce complex tissues. These events take place within the uterus of the mother after the conceptus implants, this feature demands that the conceptus composes additional events, beyond its own development, related to controlling maternal physiological functions, growth of uterus and provision of a supply of nutrients and oxygen through the formation of the placenta; these processes are amongst the earliest events to occur during embryogenesis. The following discussion paper will give a brief description of the multiple myeloma. It will then discuss about the history of thalidomide, its pathogenesis, usefulness and side effects on embryo and foetal development. Also, it will discuss about the factors affecting teratogenicity, diagnosis process to detect any defect on unborn baby and general recommendation to the patient.
Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a clonal disease characterised by neoplastic transformation, proliferation and accumulation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Normally, plasma cells, develops from B-lymphocytes (also known as B cells), which are a major class of white blood cells, are responsible for producing antibodies that helps to encounter foreign bodies or infections. In multiple myeloma, however, plasma cells start to multiply abnormally within the bone marrow and release immunoglobulin excessively into the bones and blood, which cause several organs damage in the body systems. It is true that the co-occurrence of multiple myeloma and pregnancy remains relatively rare, g...
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..., it is necessary to describe them in detail to the patient and to give a prognosis, as far as available medical knowledge will allow, regarding the outcome of pregnancy and postnatal development. To assist the patient in making a decision on the disposition of the pregnancy, prognostication should include medically documented risk figures. Ethically, pregnancy termination should not be recommended made to the patient and her family and significant others. This option should be discussed, but the ultimate decision of whether to continue the pregnancy should be left to the patient and her family and significant others. Furthermore, I think, it is better to refer her to the teratogen or genetic counselor to help her by providing the patient with as much information as possible and encourage her to make her own decision regarding whether to continue the pregnancy.
Step 1: patient education. The information that is given to the patients should be accurate, thorough, and easy to understand. We need to discuss the options with Gwen and Nicole. Apparently, they have the choice of termination or continuation of the pregnancy. If they choose to continue the pregnancy, they have the option of keeping the baby or putting it up for adoption once it’s born. In order to make an informed decision of whether to keep the baby or not, the couple need to have a comprehensive understanding of the medical conditions that the baby may have if it’s born, the responsibilities that they will face to take care of the baby, and the possible impacts of those responsibilities on their relationship and family life. The doctors and nurses have the responsibilities to deliver the information, help the couple to understand the situation, and answer any questions that they have. As nurses, we need to be unbiased and non-judgmental. Support the couples’ decision anyway we can. Ideally, information should be delivered
Another thing to take into consideration is the physical health risks during and after an abortion. As Ring-Cassidy and Gentles(2003) said “Abortion is never with out risks”(p. 89), this tells us that you can never be sure your going to come out completely fine when you go in for an aborti...
17. American College of Medical Genetics Clinical Practice Committee. Statement on multiple marker screening in pregnant women. American College of Medical Genetics College Newsletter, January 1996;6.
The Phase I trial will be discussed here as it pertains to the topic at hand. The typical treatment for cervical cancer if surgery is not a viable option – like if the cancer has spread, then called locally advanced cervical cancer – is chemotherapy and radiation treatment at the same time. This phase I clinical trial is simply looking to add ipilimumab to this regimen, but once the chemo/radiation has been completed (LACC article). Chemo and radiation destroy tumor cells, which causes tumor-associated antigens to be released. Once released, these antigens are exogenous (outside the cell) and will be presented to helper T cells to initiate an immune response.
By having the abortion, which at this point would be, therapeutic abortion there will be much remorse in the decision but by making the decision now it will limit the amount of sorrow and sadness that is felt. If they make the choice now then they will not have to endure all of the tests surgeries, and complications that would be present if they allowed the child to be born. If they are to continue with the pregnancy there is a very high chance that complications will occur. If at this point it is still a fetus, the facts are changed. If this pregnancy is allowed to continue there will be a huge responsibility put on their family. Due to the complications that come with the disease it will not only put a physical burden on the family but it will also a huge financial burden as well as an emotional burden watching their child be in pain and the other things that come along with the disease. Not only are there high chances of complications for the child, but also Mrs. Parker’s condition is deteriorating, as she gets
Breast cancer has always been a common thread among the women of my family; especially on my mother’s side, including my Grandmother whom passed away due to this disease before I could ever meet her. More so, my mother was gravely affected by this disease early in my life. Thankfully, she was able to stop the cancer from spreading; the doctors were able to find the cancerous cells and remove them. Due to this grave, but powerful impact on my life, I have been determined to becoming a biomedical scientist to assist on the research and treatment of this deadly disease. Although this acts as my principal driver, to study in this field, I have also been intrigued and driven by the idea that I could aid lower setting regions to receive health benefits using studies in translational medicine and
It seems that if fetuses are exposed to less than 100 mGy at any point in the pregnancy the outcome... ... middle of paper ... ...of IR exposures” (Soklov 15701). It is important for researchers to be able to study stem cells so that they can continue to find measures that can prevent cell death and malformations in mothers and fetuses. Many of the experts agree that the dose should be kept as low as possible with minimal exposure to the fetus of any age.
On the principle of autonomy, the patient has right to make choices regarding the treatments. However in case of terminating pregnancy, do autonomy (parent’s decision to terminate the pregnancy) take preference over beneficence and non-maleficence? Can we terminate a pregnancy when it is unwanted? About 98% of abortions in the U.S are performed within the first 15 weeks of pregnancy, and most of them occur when the mother’s life or health is at risk or in cases of severe fetal abnormality (Perry, 2001). In my opinion, in such circumstances when mothers’ and baby’s health are at risk the choice of abortion should not be unethical. I am not sure about terminating fetuses with abnormalities such as anencephaly, Down’s syndrome, and congenital heart defects as presented in case scenarios. I am really not sure if proceeding with abortion would be a right choice or should we proceed with pregnancy depending upon the viability and chances of survival post the
Nonsecretory myeloma forms the level of M protein by producing myeloma cells too low to be detected by standard testing; it accounts for 1-2% of multiple myeloma diagnosis.
In addition, one analysis, in relation to abortion problems, states, “from 1988 to 1997 found the risk of death increased by 38% for each additional week of gestation, during the pregnancy.” (Jones). “Such studies rely on information from many countries and include legally mandated registers hospital administrative data,” so current research affirms that an induced abortion increase the risk of different physical consequences, such as breast cancer, placenta previa, and maternal suicide. (Bachiochi). Late term abortion not only affects the mother’s condition physically, but also psychologically. Although not all women respond in the same way, some of them develop diverse mental disorders leading to suicide after they received an abortion. Studies in Canadian newspapers show “a suicide rate of 34.9 per 1000” from women who experimented an abortion, in contrast to “a suicide rate of 5.9 per 1000” from women who gave birth to their babies. The same newspapers report “a rate of 5.2 per thousand hospitalizations for psychiatric
There are many long-term physical side effects of having an abortion that many people do not realize. The worst complication is death. The mother may die of complications related to the abortion such as hemorrhaging, intense bleeding. Another adverse effect is the risk of infection of the uterus caused by the exposure to the outside environment. Women may get an embolism (blood cot). Abortionists may give the mother anesthesia, giving her the wrong dosage. The woman may get entopic tubal Pregnancies, which are pregnancies outside of the uterus. The most common place for these pregnancies is in the fallopian tubes. These related health problems are the fifth leading cause of matern...
Every woman when pregnant has a 3-5% chance of having a baby born with a birth defect, and these chances increase when the developing fetus/ embryos are exposed to teratogens, whether it’s intentional or unintentional (Bethesda (MD), 2006). Teratogens can cause severe birth defects, malformations, or terminate the pregnancy altogether (Jancárková, & Gregor, 2000). The placenta is known as an effective barrier from any detrimental pathogen that can potentially hurt the fetus. The timing of exposure of any teratogen is critical to the impact of prenatal development (Bethesda (MD), 2006). The most vulnerable time of the fetus for severe damage is during early pregnancy when all the major organ and central nervous system (CNS) are developing. Miscarriages have an important role in keeping a pregnancy from evolving when there is something serious going on with the developing fetus/embryo. Miscarriages are more common than we think and are the most familiar type of pregnancy loss (Bethesda (MD), 2006).
to her body, and if she decides that she is not capable of bringing a child
in Hematology on a regular basis, but there were still things I learned by going through