Although balancing between mitigation and adaptation strategies is still considered in international and national level in different sectors, it displays some important linkages in project level in building sector. IPCC TAR concluded appropriate optimization between mitigation and adaptation will be long and boring process and optimum mix of response options will be vary by time and country (place) as local condition and cost modify (Richard J.T. Klein et al., 2003). Some central shortcoming of optimizing mitigation and adaptation strategies in the project level are, namely, Uncertainty, irrespective of the diversity of economic values and preference within and between society, Equity or fairness for distributional cost of impacts (burden sharing), local conditions. Richard J.T. Klein et al. (2003) state in absent of perfect information, a number of alternative mixes of mitigation adaptation and mitigation strategies may be proposed which different in their economic, social and environmental impacts. For instance, while one option may be equitable and environmentally suitable, it might be cost-effective than other options, although be less environmentally and socially acceptable. These authors present to identify which mix or mixes of options are justifiable, some multi-criteria framework needs to be designed with which one can capture, quantify and compare the direct and dependent effects of application of each these or other possible criteria.
Other scholars like Arrow et al. (1996) and Tóth et al. (2001) argue that balancing between mitigation and adaptation will be challenging because of some unique characteristic issues such as long time horizons; non-linear and irreversible effects; social economic; geographic differences a...
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...d risk: Implications for insurance and risk transfer. Journal of Environmental Management 81, 351–359.
Tóth, F.L., M. Mwandosya, C. Carraro, J. Christensen, J. Edmonds, B. Flannery, C. Gay-Garcia, H. Lee, K.M. Mayer-Abich, E. Nikitina, A. Rahman, R. Richels, Y. Ruqiu, A. Villavicencio, Y. Wake and J. Weyant (2001) Decision-making frameworks. In Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. B. Metz, O. Davidson, R. Swart and J. Pan. Cambridge University Press, 601–688.
Wang, W. and McCarl, B.A. (2011) Inter-temporal investment in climate change adaptation and mitigation. In Agricultural & Applied Economics Association’s 2011 joint annual meeting, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Wilby R.L. (2007) A review of climate change impacts on the built environment 33 (1), 31–45.
Socolow, Robert., Hotinski, Roberta., Greenblatt, Jeffery B., Pacala, Stephen.. "SOLVING THE CLIMATE PROBLEM." Environment10(2004):8. eLibrary. Web. 11 Dec. 2013.
Quasem, AA, Jafaar, AH & Chamhuri, S 2010, 'Climate change mitigation and Policy Concern for Prioritization', International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management , vol. 2, No 4, Emerald Group Publishing, Bingley, UK.
Over the course of recent history, much concern has been raised over the industrial revolution and the potential climate changes that it might be causing. It has been stated by global warming theorist that C02 emissions caused by human technologies are causing the world to warm, which will cause negative climate changes. The Earth may be experiencing a global warming trend and climate change; however, the process of climate change is outside of human control because human activity can barely account for any of the C02 level increases. Attempts to reduce human C02 emissions is needlessly expensive, and will have a negligible role in preventing or slowing any climatic changes such as global warming or an impending ice age. People must be prepared to adapt to the climatic changes that occur, because it is unlikely that human intervention will postpone them or limit the impact of their arrival.
“An introduction to climate change.” Natural Resource Defense Council. Natural Resources Defense Council 8 November 2015 n. pag. Web. 28 November 2015.
There is no longer any question that our world climate has changed (King, 2004). Over the last 100 years, "temperatures have risen by about 0.6 degrees Celsius and global sea level has risen by about 20cm" (K...
It is becoming increasingly certain that climate change will have severe adverse effects on the environment in years to come. Addressing this issue poses a serious challenge for policy makers. How we choose to respond to the threat of global warming is not simply a political issue. It is also an economic issue and an ethical one. Responsible, effective climate change policy requires consideration of a number of complex factors, including weighing the costs of implementing climate change policies against the benefits of more environmentally sustainable practices. Furthermore, this analysis must take place amidst serious gaps in the existing research and technology concerning the developing climatic condition.
The Chair: Cabinet Policy Committee. (n.d). Planning for the effects of climate change: the role of the Resource Management Act . Office of the Convenor, Ministerial Group on Climate Change, Office of the Minister for the Environment.
These two case studies along with the other information above provide examples of the vast impacts that climate change is currently having and further changes that are predicted to have on both the environment and human development in the future. Some of these impacts are positive however overall negative impacts are expected to occur. This will create many consequences and issues for future generations, some challenges which may be overcome, and some which may not.
Authorities have attempted to implement codes or regulations, but that has proved to be very difficult tasks becasue there are many variables that effect the dynamic response of buildings. One way to try to avoid disaster is to evaluate seismic risk is to look at a buildings hazards, exposure, vulnerability, and location. Hazards are, for example, landslides ad soil type. Exposure is a building's occupancy and function. Vulnerability is the expected performance of a building's system, and location is how often earthquakes occur in the area. (Lagorio)
The earth has experienced climate change for the entirety of its existence. For billions of years, this change has occurred at a relatively slow pace, with exceptions being caused by events such as large scale volcanic eruptions. Now, humans are the cause for high rates of climate change and damage to the environment. This is beginning to have damaging effects on not only us, but the world around us, and we are only just started to take action. Efforts to reduce climate change would be more realized if not for the resistance of many due to misconceptions, money, and a reluctance to change. Short- and long-term solutions are being developed by the brightest minds, but they will not work without
Historical temperature yield relationships indicate that at the global scale, warming from 1981-2002 very likely offset some of the yield gains from technology advances, rising CO2 and other non-climatic factors (Lobell and Field, 2007). Developing countries are said to be more vulnerable than developed countries to climate change due to already stressed marginal production environment, heightened exposure to extreme events and scarcity of capital for development and dissemination of adaptation measures (Fischer et al., 2005; Tubiello et al., 2008;) .... ... middle of paper ... ...
Nowadays, we can see a lot of campaigns to reduce this humans’ contribution of greenhouse gases to atmosphere. These campaign’s missions are usually about reducing the energy that we use, convincing us to use recyclable energy, stopping the deforestation... These missions are all about mitigating to climate change. Climate change mitigation is the actions to limit the significant rate of long term climate change. In other words, climate change mitigation is all of the actions about lowering the humans’ greenhouse gas contribution to atmosphere. It is now too late for humans’ to prevent the effects of climate change, but these effects can be reduced in the future with mitigation. The most popular treaty, disenchant of humanity, is Kyoto Protocol. The main goal of Kyoto Protocol is reducing the human emitted greenhouse gases, in other word, mitigation. Also in ways that underlying national differences in GHG emissions, wealth, and capacity to make th...
Climate change is a long-term alteration in the statistical distribution of weather pattern over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. The world is currently experiencing drastic change in temperature. This change can be felt in the tropical climate areas where the weather is getting hotter and hotter every day. The change in global temperatures and precipitation over time is due to natural variability or to human activity. It is also caused by accumulation of greenhouse effects (Arrhenius, 1896). Should we as humans let this problem worsen? Climate change will affect everything including humans, flora and fauna, and the environment.
Hardy, J. T. Climate Change: Causes, Effects, and Solutions. New York: J. Wiley, 2003. Print.
Introduction Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) refers to a tool that assists in limiting the potential environmental damage of various developments that are undertaken in an area (Handley & Handley, 2001). Other researchers and scholars consider EIA as a key aspect of many large-scale planning applications; whereby, the EIA is used as the technique that helps developers understand the potential environmental impacts of any major development proposal (Wathern, 1988). EIA entails information gathering practices that are carried out by both the developer and other relevant bodies to enable the Local Planning Authority to appreciate the potential environmental effects of any form of development before giving directions on its commencement or stoppage (Dougherty & Hall, 1995; Wathern, 1988). Therefore, EIA can simply be described as the scientific and public consultation process that helps identify the potential impacts of any proposed project on the environment; that is, the biophysical component of the physical environment. The stages of conducting the EIA process include scoping, analysis of the impacts, finding mitigation measures and impact management, evaluation of the significance and effective implementation of the project (Wathern, 1988).