Microsurgery: Sewing Blood Vessels and Nerves Back Together
A man came into the emergency ward at one o'clock. His thumb came in an
hour later. The surgeon's job: get them back together.
The successful re-attaching of fingers to hand requires long hours of
painstaking work in microsurgery. In the operating room , the surgeon
doesn't stand, but sits in a chair that supports her body. Her arm is
cradled by a pillow. Scalpels are present as are other standard surgical
tools, but the suture threads are almost invisible, the needle thinner
than a human hair. And all the surgical activity revolves around the
most important instument, the microscope.
The surgeon will spend the next few hours looking through the microscope
at broken blood vessels and nerves and sewing them back together again.
The needles are so thin that they have to be held with needlenosed
jeweller's forceps and will sew together nerves that are as wide as the
thickness of a penny. To make such a stitch, the surgeon's hands will
move no more than the width of the folded side of a piece of paper seen
end on!
Imagine trying to sew two pieces of spaghetti together and you'll have
some idea of what microsurgery involves.
Twenty-five years ago, this man's thumb would have been lost. But in the
1960s, surgeon's began using microscopes to sew what previously had been
almost invisible blood vessels and nerves in limbs. Their sewing
technique had been developed on large blood vessels over a half century
earlier but could not be used in microsurgery until the needles and
sutures became small enough. The surgical technique, still widely used
today, had taken the frustrating unreliability out of sewing slippery,
round-ended blood vessels by ingeniously turning them into triangles. To
do this, a cut end of a blood vessel was stitched at three equidistant
points and pulled slightly apart to give an anchored, triangular shape.
This now lent itself to easier, more dependable stitching and paved the
way for microsurgery where as many as twenty stitches will have to be made
in a blood vessel three millimetres thick. The needle used for this can
be just 70 millimetres wide, only ten times the width of a human blood
cell.
All this technology is focused on getting body parts back together again
successfully. The more blood vessels reattached, the better the survival
chances for a toe or a finger. The finer the nerve resection, the better
the feeling in a damaged part of the face, or control in a previously
useless arm. But the wounded and severed body part must be treated
Baseball players and fans call it Tommy John surgery, after the pitcher who was the first to have the surgery 29 years ago. By any designation, it is one of the major advancements in sports medicine in the last quarter century. Technically it is a ulnar collateral ligament replacements procedure.
One of the most critical to understand in the society we live in is the Positivist School of Criminology’s theory. Unlike the Classical School of Criminology theory which focuses on rational choice and deterrence, the positivist school theory ‘considers the circumstances of individuals and states that some people are influenced to offend because of determinism” (Fuller, 2015). Determinism is the philosophical doctrine that human action is determined by external forces and is not a result of free will. The Positivist Theory recognizes that the impoverished and minority populations are more likely to break the law because of the social disadvantages that they face. In many impoverished families and communities, delinquency and incarceration is unfortunately an ongoing cycle and it can feel like it is the only
While the study of criminal justice and the formation of criminal justice theories are largely molded by several other disciplines such as psychology and sociology (Wellford, 2007), the study of criminal justice has grown and it is time for it to stand alone as its own scientific discipline. Crime theories are developed through studying individuals and assessing as well as their environment and other social aspects. These theories are then used to help form policies in order to deter the individual or group from committing further crimes. Criminal justice theories are not only used for crime but there are also theories which aid criminal justice personnel in the application of the practices that they use. The criminal justice policies are implemented
Crime control, consisting of many elements of prevention and punishment, is a widely debated and often contentious topic. Myriad agendas occur in government and society, depending upon the kind of organizational or philosophical objective trying to be met. Political differences are present within the criminal justice system that draw upon certain models, techniques, and methods associated with crime prevention. Society functions as another element in crime control, as often an underlying fear creates a pressure to enact programs and laws. The media enters in as a forum to present conservative and liberal opinions to enact and enforce criminal laws and punishment. A debate over crime often strives to define prevention and punishment, in models that make these terms mutually exclusive, versus a view that crime prevention is a result, and punishment only one possible tool for achieving that result. Different forms of punishment will be discussed in relationship to the criminal justice system as well as the purpose the punishment serves, problems relating to the punishment, and an opinion on improvements and solutions.
The number of heart patients is increasing day by day. The need of new therapies is getting higher since the heart muscle has no ability to regenerate, especially after getting damaged. Heart-transplant has been one of the solutions for heart failure. However, the amount of heart donor is small compared to the demand and there are other complications that need to be concerned as well (Leor et al. 2005). Therefore, scientists have worked hard to find alternative therapies, namely cell transplantation to create and engineer the cells to possibly use as an alternative in treating heart diseases. There few heart diseases involve in tissue regeneration application, however this paper will only cover myocardial infarction and dysfunctional heart valves.
The War of 1948, also known as the War of Independence, was fought between Israel and its Arab neighbors. The war began May 15, 1948 when units from the armies of Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Iraq invaded Israel launching a war that lasted until December 1948.# The war resulted in the defeat of the Arab forces and the success of Israel as a newly established state. It is evident that the Arab forces were not successful in the first Arab-Israeli war because the Arab army lacked motivation, education, and proper equipment.# Despite the support from Arab states outside of Palestine, the Arabs were unable to gain enough strength to overcome the Israeli forces. In contrast, the Israeli army was able to succeed because they had unconditional support from the Jewish community, efficient infrastructures, and modern equipment. Israel also used significant strategies that proved lethal against the competing Arab forces. With the Arab communities unorganized attempt to go to war in 1948, it was inevitable that Israel would come out of the war as the victor.
(Attention getter) Every two seconds, someone in the United States needs blood. That’s a lot of blood. Blood is scary, and blood always seems to make situations worse than it really is. Trust me, it happened to me personally. But if you think about it, blood is everything. There are many things about phlebotomy, yet not a lot of people know about them. (Thesis) Coming from a family with a bit of history in the medical fields, this topic easily made me curious and I wanted to know more. (Preview three main ideas) And now, I want you guys to know a little bit as well, as I will explain a brief history of phlebotomy. Second, I will share how phlebotomy is today. Lastly, I will share some education courses that would be helpful to become a successful phlebotomy technician. But don’t worry; there won’t be any blood in this speech, so there’s nothing to worry about.
Conscious efforts to critique existing approaches to questions of crime and justice, demystify concepts and issues that are laden with political and ideological baggage, situate debates about crime control within a socio-historical context, and facilitate the imagination and exploration of alternative ways of thinking and acting in relation to crime and justice. (p. 3).
Aphra Behn, a remarkable author who “‘…earned… [women]…the right to speak their minds’”, who was not afraid to speak her mind herself as evident in her works, and was a writer that aided in paving the way for women’s rights through the literature world (The Norton Anthology 2308). A majority of Behn’s works serve to further the voice of women in the oppressed society in which they were living in and this work being examined is no exception to this. The Disappointment serves as a perfect satiric companion to John Wilmot’s satire The Imperfect Enjoyment, in which instead of the sympathy being placed on the “unfortunate” man who cannot perform, the consideration is retained on the woman’s feelings during this situation instead. This may not seem awe-inspiring, but for a time period when a gender whose side in not often portrayed, this is very significant. In the text, Behn is acting as a voice for the women of that era. She is giving women a platform to stand on to push against this male dominated society; thus providing power for the unheard. By using specific diction, meter, and so forth Behn’s work, The Disappointment, is a vessel in which she demonstrates and satires the patriarchal dominance over women in society.
In this essay, I examine what Zipes means by institutionalised, define what makes a fairy tale and evaluate how different versions of Little Red Riding Hood reflect the social ideology of the period.
Throughout the history of folklore and fairytales, many interpretations of tales have been created and introduced. When exchanged, many details have been lost in translation, only to be redistributed as a similar tale following a certain moral. But throughout the life of the tale “Cinderella,” one objective has never been misconstrued; the social structure and the status Cinderella falls and rises to. Many fairytales display a rise and fall of a protagonist, often in the case of social classes. The many versions of “Cinderella,” including Ever After, exhibit a definite, strong, monarchical settlement with a defined arrangement of classes that create and develop the beloved character of Cinderella, or Danielle De Barbarac, herself.
Criminals come from all walks of life. Some are wealthy business owners while others are poverty-stricken and homeless. Some are 60 years old while others are 16. What makes people decide to become a criminal? Why does one person who gets arrested and faces punishment learn from the mistake and does nothing illegal again while others become prison regulars? Criminological theory seeks to answer these questions in an effort to mold societal influence and implement programs to deter people from committing crimes. One such theory is the classical theory. Even though some believe that crime is based mainly on social influencers like in the differential association theory, the classical theory is more accurate because it suggests that each person makes the choice to commit a crime based on risk versus reward and because most intentional criminal acts pay some sort of benefit, rarely are they seen as not profitable.
For centuries, fairytales have been used for instruction; to teach children what is expected of them as they age and what terrors behold them if they do not comply with the guidelines laid out for them by their culture/society. Many of the tales were purposely frightful in order to scare children away from strangers, dark corners, and traveling off the beaten path into the dark thicket. Charles Perrault first began writing fairy tales in the late 17th century to educate his children. The morals of those tales often center on what is expected of young women; that they should remain ‘pure’ and ‘docile’. He wrote the tales in a time period when fairytales or ‘jack’ tales were looked at as instructional lessons. They were also widely told around the fire, as entertainment, for adults. Angela Carter adapted Perrault’s classic tales in the 1970’s; changing the victim...
Some fairy tales are so iconic that they withstand the passing of time. One of those fairy tales is that of Cinderella. The rags to riches story that gives even the lowliest of paupers, hope that they may one day climb the social ladder. While the core message of the story has transcended time, over the years it has been adapted to address a variety of audiences. One of those renditions is Perrault’s Cinderella where the traditional idea of gender is conveyed and therefore associated with good/evil. This idea is challenged by a fellow 1600’s French author, L’heriter de Villandon’s, who’s version of Cinderella brings about a female protagonist who is also the heroine.
This article, is arguing about the cultural history on how the poor and the lower class would tell stories. These stories still affect our society today. This article states that fairy tales at first were meant for adults because children could not read. An example is Brothers Grimm, where “Weber argues that fairy tales can tell us a great deal about the real conditions in the world of those who told and those who heard the tales” (344). It also explains how the Grimm’s brother changed society with their stories of cruelty.