Microglia is an endogenous immunohomeostatic neuronal support cells in the Central nervous system (CNS) (Kettenmann et al., 2011). Microglial cells are responsible for surveying brain and spinal cord (invertebrates and vertebrates), in protection from pathogens and injury, phagocytosis, and cytotoxicity and immune homeostasis (Garden and Moller, 2006). Microglia’s homeostatic function achieves profound salubrious therapeutic state corollary for prophylaxis of neurological health in the central nervous system (Garden and Moller, 2006). Microglia with astrocyte biochemically maintains endothelial cells that creates blood-brain barrier, through this, pathogenic infection are unable to reach vulnerable nervous tissues (Dissing-Olesen et al., 2007). Furthermore, corollary on specification of homeostasis in immunological functions are based on their site and existing paradigm, and some of Microglial cells immensely depends on the level of plasticity in order to reach the standard of capability of immunity (Gehrmann et al., 1995).
There are different forms of microglial cells based on their existing sites. In the perinatal white matter area, specifically in corpus callosum, microglial cells forms “Amoeboid” (Gehrmann J et al., 1995). In addition, this form allows microglial to change its location freely, all over the neural tissue (Gehrmann et al., 1995). There is also a form specified from its stationary, and this called “ramified”, only its outlets surveying the throughout the brain and spinal cord (Aloisi, 2001). This ramified is also known for its sensitivity in physiological changes (Aloisi, 2001). Furthermore, activated microglia are included to types of microglia that have two parts, non-phagocytic & phagocytic. This is the type ...
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...areas, and creation of gitter cells (Gehrmann et al., 1995). Moreover, considering the importance of microglial, without microglial cells, the CNS will not survive (mortality) from external environment substance and pathogens. Thirdly, microglial cells are also responsible for homeostasis, negative and positive feedback loop, in CNS (Aloisi, 2001). Microglia is known for achieving complex communication via triggering signals molecules with other astrocytes, neural tissues, T lymphocytes and hematopoietic stem cells (Aloisi, 2001).
In conclusion, microglial cells are responsible for immune system and homeostasis in Central nervous system. Microglial cells has different function in diverse locations. It has the ability to protect CNS from pathogens that will cause neuroinflammation, and regenerate impaired tissues with synaptic stripping, & production of astrocytes.
The brain is an organ that regulates body functions, behaviors, and emotions. Neurons are the cells that fulfill these functions. How do neurons do this? A neuron plays an important role in the central nervous system. Why? Because neurons regulate how we think, feel, and control our body functions. A typical neuron has three parts: cell body, axon, and dendrites. When a neuron receives an electrical impulse, that impulse travels
Microglia- act as part of the immune system, remove waste material and viruses and fungi from the brain
Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. They are the most abundant cell of the human brain. Astrocytes provide neurons with metabolic support, control local blood flow, and regulate the maintenance of synapses. They are a critical part of normal neural functioning. (3)
Around the world, many people are living with neurologically debilitating disorders like multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis is best described as a pathological “inflammatory-mediated demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system,” and affects more than 2.5 million people globally (Trapp & Nave, 2008).
When it comes to EHR’s a patients medical record follows them wherever they go electronically, whether it be home based care, physicians office or a hospital. Access to medical records are easily accessed through smartphones, and computers depending on the EHR system that particular person or company is using. There are many EHR systems that different health facilities use but one in particular has stuck out to me because I constantly see or hear it being used in health facilities Ive personally been too. The particular EHR system I am talking about is Meditech, and it is one of the largest electronic health record softwares that many hospitals as well as small clinics and health facilities are using in order to transfer patient information, and provide detailed information about a person’s medical history such as their medical records electronically. But lately has Meditech been facing substantial issues with their software and why is Meditech the number one ranked EHR system that is being used still despite these complications? By the end of this paper I hope to have all your answers to these questions addressed and answered.
Emerging evidence implicates microglial play critical roles to the CNS development of the brain. Microglial are unique population arise from immature yolk-sac macrophages that migrate and colonize the developing brain (Ginhoux et al., 2010; Ransohoff and Cardona, 2010). Interestingly, microglial (or their precursor cells) are selectively integrating into proliferative neurogenic zone of the proliferation and regulating the size of neural precursor cell pool via phagocytose neural precursor cell upon completion of neurogenesis(Cunningham et al., 2013). Also, colonization of microglia in the developing brain almost concurs temporally with brain vascularisation, neuroepithelial-radial glia transformation, neuronal migration, and myelination. Recent advent of transgenic technology and pharmacology allowed the role of microglia during development and their correlation with neural development disorder to be investigated extensively. For instance, pharmacologically knockout or inactivation of embryonic microglia resulted in increases of neural precursor cells pool (Cunningham et al., 2013). Similar phenomenons were also observed in genetically knockout of microglial in mice. Colony stimulating factor 1R-deficient (Csf1r−/−) mice w...
Perform the docking studies of proteasome with normal huntingtin protein, mutated huntingtin protein as well as mutated huntingtin oligomer
About 30,000 people in the United States have Huntington's Disease, affecting men and women equally among all ethnic and racial backgrounds (helpguide.org). While its more common in adults, juvenile Huntington's occurs in one-sixth of all cases (helpguide.org). Huntington's Disease (HD) is a devastating, hereditary disease that slowly decreases the affected person's capability to walk, talk and reason. Sooner or later, the person with HD becomes completely dependent upon others for his or her care. Huntington's Disease affects the lives of entire families immensely: emotionally, socially and economically. In this research paper, the pathophysiology, manifestation, and medical management of this disease will be examined.
(Marieb, 2016). Myelin is the protective coat surrounding and insulating the nerve fibers of CNS. Myelin is fatty tissue substance that if attacked by immune cells causing a short-circuits in the current so that the successive gaps are excited more and more slowly, and eventually impulse conduction ceases which resulted in various forms of symptoms (Marieb, 2016). The degradation could either be “by inflammation, stroke, immune disorder, metabolic disorders, or nutritional deficiencies” (Slomski, 2005). The target that immune cells are sensitized to attack remains
Glial cell: Glial cell is a supportive cell in the central nervous system. Unlike neurons, glial cells do not conduct electrical impulses. The glial cells are around neurons and give support for insulation between them. Glial cells are the most efficient cell types in the central nervous system. Types of glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, microglia, and satellite
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complicated chronic deteriorating disease that has an effect on the central nervous system (CNS). This disease causes destruction of the myelin around the nerve fibers. “The exact etiology of Multiple Sclerosis is unknown; however, it is thought to be an immune mediated disease. MS is characterized by CNS inflammation, demyelination, and axonal loss” (Compston & Coles, 2008). Typically, it is described by early relapses and remissions of neurological signs of the CNS. This is known as relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). MS can be identified by a variety of known risk factors. Multiple Sclerosis can be brought on by a mixture of inherited and environmental risk factors such as smoking or an exposure to a virus like Epstein Barr. The inflammatory process has an interesting role on the central nervous system.
... resulting impairment to the CNS. The first group of mice exhibited a pattern of CNS inflammation that resembled that of the most common subtype of MS, RRMS, with lesions filled with macrophages, a type of immune defender cell. The second group of mice displayed inflammation deep in the CNS tissues and in the optic nerve with lesions filled with neutrophils, another type of immune cell. Both groups of mice were given antibody drugs similar to drugs being developed against MS in humans. The effects were observed over time and results showed that some of the drugs inhibited disease in the first group of mice but did not inhibit disease in the second group. Thus, as Mark Kroenke (2008), the study’s first author and a Ph.D. student in immunology at U-M stated, "That's our proof that these really are different mechanisms of disease" (Kroenke et al., 2008).
Huntington’s disease is named after George Huntington. This disease genetically is an inherited disorder that damages the mind and nervous system. This may affect actions of the body for example like movement, the ability to reason, awareness, and thinking and judgment. It can also affect their behavior. The word genetic is that the disorder is delivered on by each generation of offspring by special codes called genes(Patient.Co.Uk, 2011). Genes are relocated from a parent to offspring and is held to decide some characteristics of the children (Patient.Co.Uk, 2011).
Most of the body’s functions such as, thinking, emotions, memories and so forth are controlled by the brain. It serves as a central nervous system in the human body. The mind is the intellect/consciousness that originates in the human brain and manifests itself in emotions, thoughts, perceptions and so forth. This means that the brain is the key interpreter of the mind’s content. Jackson and Nagel seem to resist identifying what we call “mental events” with brain events, for different reasons, while J.J.C. Smart takes the opposing view.
Within the human anatomy, an intricate and complex network of specialised nerve fibres and neurons works in collaboration with the central nervous system and peripheral system, designed to carry out the various actions humans perform every day. The nervous system is also known as the master control unit of the human body, as it operates other major functions such as the circulatory and respiratory systems (Jakab, 2006). It is composed of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The neurons established within the various sections of the nervous system, is structured with three main parts: a dendrite which is a cluster of branches that operates by receiving information from the receptor and neurons and transferring nerve impulses to the cell body; furthermore, a cell body is composed of a nucleus, that works to provide energy and nutrients for the neuron; lastly is an axon, electrically conducted by the myelin sheath, the axon is a pathway nerve impulses pass through from the cell body. In addition, this is the process in which nerve impulses travel by to be able to access the rest of the system (Core Science, 2010). The correct function of the nervous system is vital to the daily survival of an individual, as it obtains a significant role in the control and co-ordination of the human body. Furthermore, if a situation occurs where the nervous system dysfunctions or develops a disease (such as multiple sclerosis), it would in that case threaten the current status of one’s health and cause havoc in the system.