Metabolism is defined as the chemical processes that take place within an organism, such as production of energy (Nature Education, 2014). One component of metabolism occurs through gas exchange. In animals, gas exchange occurs through a process called diffusion where materials move from levels of high concentration to low concentration (Freeman, 2013). It usually occurs in the respiratory system of animals, the lungs, where oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled (Freeman, 2013). However, some animals may also exchange gases through other unique methods. For example, Rana pipiens, or leopard frogs, have vascularized skin that are extensively essential in their extremely wet habitat (Hoese and Abraham, 2014).
Leopard frogs belong
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In order to complete this process, we first obtained air provided in the laboratory and connected it to the carbon dioxide sensor where it was translated into the computer. In acquiring the initial carbon dioxide reading, we waited as the carbon dioxide level has reached a constant value. The initial carbon dioxide concentration in the air bag was measured to be 370.34 carbon dioxide parts per million. Once it has reached a constant concentration, we prepared the chamber where our frog will be kept throughout the duration of the experiment. Prior to beginning the experiment, we weighed the mass of the chamber in grams. Then, we measured the mass of the chamber again with the frog inside. By subtracting both masses we received, we were able to calculate the mass of each frog using the calculated difference in grams. Once we received the appropriate mass, we connected both ends of the flow meter to the chamber containing the frog. A thermometer was also inserted inside the chamber the measure the temperature inside and ensured that it stayed within the room temperature. We waited until the carbon dioxide concentration has reached its constant value and recorded the metabolic rate of the frog at room temperature before we advanced to the next method. The …show more content…
In order for the temperature to drop, we used a Ziploc bag containing ice and waited until the temperature within the chamber has dropped ten degrees Celsius from the room temperature. Once the temperature has reached the desired temperature, we recorded the frog’s metabolic rate in our data table. Once we completed the first trial, we removed the frog from the chamber and placed it in a separate container from the others in order to avoid the error of reusing the frog for another trial. We also cleaned the chamber with disinfectant before acquiring another frog for the experiment. We repeated the procedure four more times, totaling to two series of five trials for both environments, and acquired their metabolic rates in both room temperature and the prearranged colder environment. Once all of the metabolic rates have been calculated for the five frogs in both environments, we prepared to translate the results into a bar graph. In order to complete this process, we calculated the average metabolic rates we have measured in both environments, room temperature and predetermined colder temperature. Since this was an experiment comparing the metabolic rates of ectotherms and endotherms in colder temperature, we also gathered
That CO2 and water vapor would then flow into a condensing ice bath that would cool the water vapor to condense it and remove it from the system. The CO2 and water would also pass through a Drierite Column to ensure that all excess water was removed before the airflow finally reached the CO2 analyzer was not wet. This CO2 analyzer then determines how much CO2 is in the air and sends that information to a computer with the Logger Pro 3 application to display all of the data that was received from the apparatus that was created. The application takes in flow rate data, temperature data, and CO2 in parts per million data. The weigh in grams, the sex, the amount of CO2 in ppm, and the status of habituation of the cockroach were recorded. Flow rate and temperature were also recorded and relatively consistent. A graph with metabolic rate (ml CO2 per min) on the y-axis and the groups of male and female for habituated and unhabituated cockroaches would go along the x-axis to help visualize the differences between the groups. An Analysis of Variance test (ANOVA) would be conducted by calculating the means of each group and with that calculating the sum of squares within groups, sum of squares between groups, and the total
In the lab the isopods were observed in a way to where behavior and structures could be properly recorded. The isopods were revealed to two dissimilar scenarios, normal temperature water vs. warm temperature water, to calculate which environment was most preferred. In each distinct scenario ten isopods were placed ten a choice chamber, one side being normal temperature (26.7celsius) and the other being warm temperature (43.3 celsius) , and observed for a total of ten minutes with thirty second intervals which was when we recorded our observations. After observations, it was seen that normal conditions was the most preferred environment by the isopods. In the scenario the Isopods exhibited taxis behavior, which is behavior caused by factors such as light, temperature, water and such. Nothing physical, but rather environmental.
The procedure starts with the preparation of the frog and the set-up of the equipment. During the remainder of this lab, continuous
We placed elodea plants into three different beakers and labelled them. Since, we are trying to find how temperature can affect the rate of production of carbon dioxide, we had to place them in different temperatures. So, we labelled the first beaker “Elodea heat” and placed it in a water bath that produced sufficient amount of heat. We labelled the second one “Elodea cool” which was placed in an ice bath filled with ice. The next one “Elodea RT” where the elodea was placed under normal room temperature without any interference. And we named the last one “No Elodea” where we placed no elodea in it and kept the beaker in a dark
Living organisms undergo chemical reactions with the help of unique proteins known as enzymes. Enzymes significantly assist in these processes by accelerating the rate of reaction in order to maintain life in the organism. Without enzymes, an organism would not be able to survive as long, because its chemical reactions would be too slow to prolong life. The properties and functions of enzymes during chemical reactions can help analyze the activity of the specific enzyme catalase, which can be found in bovine liver and yeast. Our hypothesis regarding enzyme activity is that the aspects of biology and environmental factors contribute to the different enzyme activities between bovine liver and yeast.
Biology 2A03 Lab 4 Respiratory Gas Exchange in a Mouse Lab Manual. Winter Term 2014 (2014). Biology Department. McMaster University.
One of the most primitive actions known is the consumption of lactose, (milk), from the mother after birth. Mammals have an innate predisposition towards this consumption, as it is their main source of energy. Most mammals lose the ability to digest lactose shortly after their birth. The ability to digest lactose is determined by the presence of an enzyme called lactase, which is found in the lining of the small intestine. An enzyme is a small molecule or group of molecules that act as a catalyst (catalyst being defined as a molecule that binds to the original reactant and lowers the amount of energy needed to break apart the original molecule to obtain energy) in breaking apart the lactose molecule. In mammals, the lactase enzyme is present
I only chose respiratory as an answer. However, the correct answers are respiratory and cardiovascular because of the pulmonary circulatory system. Gas exchange occurs at pulmonary capillary beds.
More reliable data can be obtained if more techniques are used to measure metabolic rate. By measuring the heat flow from an organism to its surroundings using a calorimeter, a more accurate metabolic rate can be measured (De V. Weir, 1949). The ratio of the quantity of food an animal consumes and the amount it excretes can also indicate the metabolic rate of that animal (Paradis et al., n.d.). Determining the water flux in animals with tritium labelled water is another valid method of measuring metabolic rates (Paradis et al., n.d.).
The second law of thermodynamics affirms that all living organisms must receive a constant energy input in order to survive (Witz 2000). Almost all bodily activities require energy. It is important to study how animals obtain, process, and dispose of products needed to maintain a positive energy balance. When cellular respiration occurs in the body, heat is produced and given off into the environment by the release of potential energy contained in the chemical bonds of macronutrients. The amount of heat released into the environment and the rate at which chemical reactions occur in the cells are directly related. Two different relationships exist, one that describes the endothermic animal and one that describes the endothermic animal. The rate of heat produced by the endothermic animal while at rest, fasting, and within the thermoneutral zone is dependent upon the basal metabolic rate (BMR). The thermoneutral zone of the endotherm is described as the range of ambient temperatures within which there is a limited change in metabolic rate. The standard metabolic rate is what the rate of heat loss in ectotherms relies upon. The difference between the two rates is the temperature factor. Due to that fact that the temperature of ectotherms has a wider range with ambient temperature than the endotherms, physiologists defined a different measure for the basal level of metabolism.
It is when much needed oxygen is obtained by the body in order for respiration to take place and the waste CO2 is taken out of the body. In us mammals, the exchange takes place in the lungs which contain a large number of alveoli. These are sponge-like structures in which the diffusion takes place. They are highly adapted to diffuse the gases as they give a large surface area for exchange of the gases.
Abstract: In this experiment, the amount of oxygen gases produced by an aquatic plant was measured in various concentrations of sodium bicarbonate. The plant Elodea densa was submerged into two test tubes, containing a specific concentration of sodium bicarbonate for each individual group, and the total amount of O2 produced in mL was recorded for each test tube in a specified in amount of time. The data from the groups was collected a put into table. It was predicated that, with an increase in sodium bicarbonate concentration there would be in an increase in O2. The results were graphed, and using graphpad a t-test was administered. The results concluded the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of alternative hypothesis. The experimental results, did not match the predicated results, based on the graph, there was not a direct
This lab is designed to measure body composition which is the absolute and relative amounts of body constituents. The human body is composed of fat mass and fat-free mass, when conducting this lab we generally discuss about the percentage of the body mass that constitutes as fat. The purpose of this measurement is to recognize the strong relationship between obesity and increased chance of coronary artery disease, type II diabetes, and hypertension. As we grow and age, body composition testing allows us to institute an ideal weight, compose a blooming diet and design a fitness plan that is right for the body. When measuring body composition, there are two categories: direct and indirect. Direct methods include chemical analysis
Over the years, we’ve noticed that crickets vibrate their wings at different frequencies at different temperatures. When they vibrate their wings, they create a little chirp that is audible. The point of our study is to see if we might be able to tell the temperature based on the amount of chirps that are heard. To do this, we will record the amount the amount of chirps heard per second. We will also record the temperature at which the chirps are recorded. We will record chirps at fifteen different temperatures in order to attempt to make a correlation between temperature and chirp number.
It was placed on a slide, a couple drops of water was placed on the slide to keep it moisturized. Next, we used a microscope to observe the heart beating in the transparent animal. According to the lab report on page 98 the normal heartbeats are about 350 per minute. By using a pencil and paper, we made a small dash for every heartbeat over a 15 second interval. Than we continued to repeat the observation of the heartbeats 3 more times for a total of 4 observations. We than totaled up the number of dashes and calculated the average of the four 15 second observations, this was labeled “Normal Heart Rate” on Table 1. Next we added 1 drop of an “unknown” solution that was assigned, we made sure to determine the average normal heart rate before doing do. The same procedure outlined above was conducted. The records were than placed in table 1. We than used water in replace of the unknown solution. The same procedure was conducted, we analyzed whether the Daphnia had recovered or not. Lastly our records were compared among our