Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a combination of unfavo- rable health factors including abdominal obesity, dys- lipidemia, hypertension and glucose intolerance [1,2] and is strongly associated with increased risk of cardio- vascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes [1,2]. One of the key drivers in the development of MetS is obesity [3]. In recent years, the global prevalence of obesity has increased at alarming rates, and MetS and its con- sequences have become a major public health burden [4,5]. This rise in MetS prevalence has also been ob- served in non-obese individuals [6-8] and there is strong evidence that the increase is mainly the result of un- favorable lifestyle changes, such as inactivity and poor nutrition [9].
Smoking has also been
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It employs a wide range of procedures to assess the bio- medical, sociodemographic, behavioral, physical and psy- chological factors that contribute to the health and disease of the general population, with a focus on mul- timorbidity. All participants filled in an extensive ques- tionnaire about health-related items and lifestyle and underwent a clinical examination that included standard anthropometric and blood pressure measurements per- formed by trained technicians and collection of biological samples. All participants provided written informed con- sent before participating in the study. The study protocol was approved by the medical ethical review committee of the University Medical Center Groningen.
For this cross-sectional study we included subjects of Western European origin (according to self-reported in- formation in the questionnaire), aged between 18 and 80 years who participated in the LifeLines Cohort Study be- tween December 2006 and January 2012. Individuals who had missing data on BMI (n = 21), or on the vari- ables needed to define MetS (n = 2,044), or whose ques- tionnaires were incomplete with regard to smoking behavior (n = 2,202) were excluded from analysis. A total of 59,467 individuals were available for the current
Increasingly, scientists are focusing on a common set of underlying metabolic issues that raise people's risk for chronic disease.
Sethi, J. K., Vidal-Puig, A. J., (2007). Targeting fat to prevent diabetes. Cell Metab. . 5 (5), 357-70.
Obesity is becoming a major health problem in developing countries like Australia, North America, Europe and other developing nations. The Australian Diabetes, obesity and life style study (AUSDIAB) predicts the changes in glucose indices; health behaviour and incidence of diabetes in 5 year follow up experiments among 5842 participants (Barr et al., 2007). This study suggests that a large number of Australians suffered mortality due to cardiovascular diseases associated with abnormal glucose metabolism every year. The Framingham Heart Study revealed that hypertension, diabetes and left ventricular remodelling lead to the development of congestive heart failure (Levy et al., 1996). The Framingham Heart Study also found that a 5% increase in weight increases the chance of hypertension by 30% over a four-year period of time. An increased sympathetic activity, impaired renin-angiotensin system, retention of fluid volume, peripheral vasoconstriction, dyslipidaemia, increased blood viscosity due to the increased haematocrit and fibrinogen may increase pressure overload on heart in obesity (Schunkert, 2002). Several studies also suggest that the cause of hypertension itself may contribute to left ventricular hypertrophy in obese individuals as the increase of BMI increases the chance of hypertension (De Simone et al., 1994; Avelar et al., 2007). High dietary fat intake increases the expression of angiotensin IB(AT1B) and Endothelin A (ETA) receptors (Neilsen et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2005). Plasma concentrations of angiotensin II and endothelin 1 (physiological vasoconstrictor agents) were increased in both obese patients and animal models (Barton et al., 2000; Neilsen et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2005). Recent studies have shown that reduced synthesis of nitric oxide (NO; a major vasodilator) from L-arginine in endothelial cells is a major factor contributing to the impaired action of insulin in the vasculature of obese and diabetic subjects. Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Growing evidence suggests that arginine plays an important role in regulating metabolism of energy substrates in mammals (Frank et al. 2007; Jobgen et al. 2006). NO is synthesized from L-arginine by NO synthase. As a signalling molecule, physiological levels of NO stimulate glucose uptake, as well as glucose and fatty-acid oxidation in skeletal muscle, heart, liver, and adipose tissues (Jobgen et al. 2006). Nitric oxide also inhibits the synthesis of glucose, glycogen and lipid in liver and adipose tissues and enhances lipolysis in subcutaneous adipocytes (Jobgen et al.
Metabolic syndrome is described to be a cluster of metabolic risk factors that combines together to create a single individual health issue. The individual factors that combined to create this issue are insulin resistance, hypertension which is a form of high blood pressure, cholesterol abnormalities, impaired glucose tolerance, the tendency to develop fat around the abdomen and an increased risk for clotting. The metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease are very close related. This syndrome is considered to be a risk factor for several cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes that arises due to insulin resistance and an abnormal function and pattern of body fat. Insulin resistance refers to the diminished ability of cells to respond to the action of insulin in promoting the transport of the sugar glucose, from blood into muscles and other tissues. Metabolic syndrome is also known as syndrome X or the dysmetabolic syndrome and people who are overweight or obese all fall at the highest risk for this syndrome. (Medicine.net, 1)
Obesity is a very complex condition as there are many physiological and psychological dimensions to it. The complications accompanying the disease are multiple and are associated with the increased risk of many other medical conditions. It is thought that we live in an obesogenic environment due to an interaction of environmental, developmental and cultural influences. With the main cause of the disorder thought to be due to a combination of a sedentary lifestyle accompanied by an increased consumption of poor quality food with a high calorie and sugar content. The lack of energy expenditure could be explained by many individuals working a large number of hours, most days of the week in jobs that require minimal physical activity and it is often difficult to accomplish the recommended ...
Heart disease and obesity goes hand in hand. There is much more of a common occurrence for people who are overweight will more and li...
Glucose is a sugar that plays a big part in a human’s health and well-being. This sugar is a major source of energy for the body’s brain and cells. The Cells that receive energy from glucose help in the building of the body’s muscle and tissue. Although glucose may be important to the body too much of this sugar can cause a chronic condition called Diabetes. Diabetes, also known as Diabetes mellitus, is a chronic condition that is caused by too much sugar in the blood. This condition can affect all age groups. In fact, in 2010 a survey was taken by the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, on the number of newly diagnosed diabetes. Out of 1,907,000 people: 24.38% were ages 20-44, 55.17% were ages 45-64, and 20.45% were ages 65 and greater. Diabetes is a very serious condition, and it can be deadly if left untreated. This paper will help better educate the reader on the signs and symptoms, the testing process, and the management of diabetes.
Throughout history, it seems that medicine and spirituality have been linked in many circumstances. In a study looking at the use of complementary and alternative therapies in cardiac patients, spiritual healing was one of many practices patient sought to utilize. In another study, 29% of participants chose to use prayer or premeditation as a way to cope with their chronic illness. In both studies, prayer or meditation was more likely to be used by individuals who had a large social network, as well as support from another person in the same health situation. Based on these studies, it seems that many individuals (not just cardiovascular patients) turn to their spirituality in times of health distress.
Whenever you eat a meal, your body is working to break down the nutrients you have eaten. It then becomes energy that your body will need. This process is called metabolism. Metabolism is an important for all living things. Without it, we would not be able to break down our food into energy. No energy means not being able to keep a balanced lifestyle, and not having a balanced lifestyle can lead to illness and diseases that can affect our lives.
The obesity epidemic is a globally acknowledged serious population-level public health issue. Obesity is the number two cause of mortality behind smoking in ...
The health problem I have chosen is Type 2 Diabetes. Research has shown that early detection of symptoms of diabetes is crucial and important as it may prevent further difficulties. It is difficult to always identify if symptoms are linked to Type 2 Diabetes because they are often less taxing on an individual’s day-to-day activities. Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes include but are not limited to frequent urination, extreme fatigue, blurred vision, numbness in hands or feet, and feeling either very thirsty or hungry (American Diabetes Association, 2014).Risk factors of this health issue include but again, are not limited to, weight (being overweight is a high risk factor), lack of movement during daily activities, family history and genetics, race, and age (Risk Factors of Diabetes, Mayo Clinic, 2014).
This essay is aimed to explore, analyse and discuss smoking in adults. Smoking is a public health issue as such is one of the major contributors to high mortality and ill-health in the adults which is preventable (Health and Excellence Care (NICE) (2012). The United Kingdom (UK) is known to have the highest number of people with a history of smoking among people with low socio-economic status (Scriven and Garman, 2006; Goddard and Green, 2005). Smoking is considered a serious epidemic in the UK and the National institute for Health and Excellence Care (NICE, 2012) stated that 28% of adults with low economic status are tobacco smokers compared with 13% of those with economic status or having professional incomes. Furthermore almost 80,000 people died in England in 2011 as a result of smoking related issues and 9,500 admissions of children died due to being second hand smokers (WHO, 2005). This essay focuses on definition of smoking, the aim is to underline the relationship between smoking and the determinants of health and then, the size, prevalence, and morbidity trend of smoking will be explored. Furthermore, some public health policies introduced to confront the issues around smoking will be investigated and finally, the roles of nurses will identify health needs the public so as to promote good health and their wellbeing.
The glycemic index (GI) is a measure of the effects of carbohydrates on blood sugar (glucose) levels. The amount of carbohydrates consumed also affects blood glucose levels and insulin responses. The GI is computed in two ways due to the fact that there are two standards of comparison. The glycemic load of a food is calculated by multiplying the glycemic index by the amount of carbohydrate in grams provided by a food and dividing the total by 100. After a high-glycemic load meal, blood glucose levels rise more rapidly and insulin demand is greater than after a low-glycemic load meal. In some studies, high glycemic loads have been associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The lower a food 's glycemic index or glycemic load, the less it affects blood sugar and insulin levels.
Although many individuals are uncertain about the increasing statistics associated with obesity, more than seventy percent of men and virtually sixty-two percent of women within the United States adult population are overweight or obese (Wilmore, Costill, & Kenney). Obesity refers to the condition of having an excessive amount of body fat. If an individual’s amount of body fat becomes too excessive, he/she is at a much greater risk of developing life-altering diseases such as heart failure, hypertension, type II diabetes, cancer, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, etc. (Wilmore, et al., 2008).
Doctors have been wary in reminding their patients with type 2 diabetes to limit their daily intake of sugar. Like the healthy ones, diabetics still need to include sugars in their menu but only in reasonable amounts. They are advised to follow a low-sugar diet and are asked to take drugs that help their body become more sensitive to insulin. Insulin is an enzyme that regulates sugar in the blood. Experts are aware that sugars are not limited to just the ‘table sugar’ that ordinary people know.