Measuring Pain

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Measuring Pain

1. 1. Sensory - intensity, duration, threshold, tolerance, location,

etc

2. 2. Neurophysiological - brainwave activity, heart rate, etc

3. 3. Emotional and motivational - anxiety, anger, depression,

resentment, etc

4. 4. Behavioural - avoidance of exercise, pain complaints, etc

5. 5. Impact on lifestyle - marital distress, changes in sexual

behaviour

6. 6. Information processing - problem solving skills, coping

styles, health beliefs

Techniques used to collect data.

--------------------------------

1. 1. interviews - advantage - it can cover Karoly's 6 points

2. 2. behavioural observations

3. 3. psychometric measures

4. 4. medical records

5. 5. physiological measures

Physiological measures of pain

Muscle tension is associated with painful conditions such as headaches

and lower backache, and it can be measured using an electromyograph

(EMG). This apparatus measures electrical activity in the muscles,

which is a sign of how tense they are. Some link has been established

between headaches and EMG patterns, but EMG recordings do not

generally correlate with pain perception (Chapman et al 1985) and EMG

measurements have not been shown to be a useful way of measuring pain.

Another approach has been to relate pain to autonomic arousal. By

taking measures of pulse rate, skin conductance and skin temperature,

it may be possible to measure the physiological arousal caused by

experiencing pain. Finally, since pain is perceived within the brain,

it may he possible to measure brain activity, using an

...

... middle of paper ...

...ntroverts are more sensitive to

pain stimuli, but extroverts complain more at lower levels of pain.

Finally, Connolly et al (1978) investigated the relationship between

personality, anxiety and pain during the labour of childbirth. The

sample of 80 women was given the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

Inventory and their pain/anxiety levels were monitored during the

labour. Not surprisingly, pain and anxiety levels rose during the

course of the labour. Pain and anxiety were similar for normal and

‘hysterical’ MMPI groups but the ‘anxious—depressive’ MMPI groups

displayed higher levels of pain and anxiety. Sternbach (1968) reviewed

several studies that had investigated the relationship between anxiety

and pain. He concluded that increasing anxiety enhanced pain

responses, and decreasing anxiety reduced such responses.

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