14. Briefly explain the meaning of Sandman’s equation: Risk = hazard + outrage. What does it say about the relationship between the perceived risk and the actual risk of many events? Sandman claims that the two variables are correlated; when outrage is high hazard is low compared to when outrage is low and hazard is high. He uses the example of a child getting shot versus a child drowning. A parent will allow her child to go to a friend’s house with a swimming pool easily than a friend’s house with a gun. This is because of the drowning is less outrageous than getting shot even though it is more hazardous because it’s more frequent. 15. Briefly describe how the scientific analysis of a biologist or a physicist differs, generally speaking, Causation suggests that a change in one variable might cause the value of another variable to change. Causation signifies correlation however correlation does not signify causation. For example a child’s parent’s qualification might effect how well they do in school. Children with highly educated parents seem to do well in school portraying that causation does cause correlation as the two variables are also correlated. Freakonomics uses the example of snow and coldness to further the point that correlation does not imply causation. “It tends to be cold outside when it shows [demonstrating]…those two factors are positively correlated” (Levitt and Dubner Is a person’s name likely to be an indicator of that person’s success in later life? No, a person's name is not likely to be an indicator of that person's success in later life because a person's success is determined by their parent's background, not the name they have. Having said that, there is a correlation between some specific names and a higher income because wealthy parents tend to name their children one way, that is much more different than the way poor parents do, so it's merely a matter of the parent's backgrounds, how successful their child becomes. Frea konomics states that there seems to be a correlation between some names and a higher income but it does not reflect causation. 19. Evaluate this statement; “The name a parent gives his or her child will have a significant effect on the child’s success. After all, the data show that certain names are associated with increased income.” The data solely shows a correlation between certain names and a higher income, not causation. The name a parent gives his or her child is based on their level of education and their socioeconomic status. Parents who are economically successful chose from a selective group of names. The children seem to be successful because of the genes they inherited from their successful parents rather than the name chosen by their
In the article, Gregory Mantsio reveals a chart based on the test results of 1,465,744 SAT takers in the year of 2006. The chart given, displays the amount of the family income and how it affects the scores of those who had taken the SAT. The facts given, indicates that the more money the family has, income that the family receives, the higher the scores are. For example, if you had a job or career that allowed you to be able to bring in more than $100,000, then your child is more likely to receive a median score of approximately 1,100. But the question is, how can this be so? One reason is quite simple: The children born into a higher class has much more access to educational resources, are exposed to vocabulary and spoken language in their early childhood, and experience less stress than those who are in a lower class. Which in the long run, gives the children in the higher class a better chance when it comes to succeeding in life. Compared to those in a lower class whose scores are below the approximated amount of 1,100 due to their family
Although Shakespeare may disagree, there’s a lot to be said about names, especially those of Pharaohs. Ramesses III had a very common birth name, as most Pharaohs of the 20th dynasty named their children after Ramses II. Ramesses literally means “Re has created him.” The second part of his birth name (hardly ever used), Heqainunu, means “Ruler of Heliopolis” (an ancient city just north of modern day Cairo). The throne name of Ramesses III was Usermaatre Meryamun, or "Powerful is the Justice of Re, Beloved of Amun.
Hume defines causation in terms of natural necessity and explains natural necessity as follows: of two events, if event A and always event B, then there is a “natural relation” or a “natural association” between the two; this is the kind of reasoning Hume uses to explain natural necessity between things. Here is another way to put it: if A causes B there is a “natural relation” between the two. In other words, the two events are similar.
...ifferent, children names are predictors of their success/failure because of its connection with his parents, and the cycle that names do through low to high socioeconomic classes. All these trends brought up by economic analysis turn interesting specially when they are supported by statistical data but they are also examined through cause/effect like the raising question: is black culture a merely reflection of the economic gap between white and black people or has it caused the gap between them?
-In Brazil, 12% of white sons are more likely to hold higher profession jobs than their fathers (if both white and non white fathers hold the same job) as compared to non white sons.
When people are born they don't usually get to choose their names, as for Equality
The youngest child born in America has the highest income and level of education. These measures only measure one aspect of success but nonetheless these differences in income and levels of education do have real life implications. The table allows the reader to get a simple and cohesive look at the differences between each sibling. After reading this book I can clearly observe the factors that have led to such differences.
“Can you imagine what a mess a world would be without names? (website)Names are very important to a person and their individuality. Ayn Rand’s novel “Anthem” is a book in which the people written about do not have names. The importance of having your own individual names is huge. A name can have meaning given to it, like how the name Sue means lily. Most parents when giving you your name have a meaning behind it and put much thought into what their future child should be named. Names can give you a part of your identity.
There are still families that are respected because of their legacy. For instance, the Kennedy’s were already a prominent family in society before John F Kennedy became president. Other prominent family names include Hilton, Gates, Booth, and Pinckney because of the histories and wealth associated with these families. This way, people are still born with a certain level of honor and prestige based on the family name they carry. Even on a local level, families carry reputations of having certain traits. Before meeting a Falls, one may expect to encounter a calm, reserved, intelligent person because those are traits associated with the Falls name. On a personal level, a person’s name still holds keys to a story. Public records are kept on everyone. A skilled researcher could uncover a person 's past simply by researching a name because that name carries a story. Anything a person does, whether good or bad, is associated with a name. Sometimes people to form opinions on someone based on a person’s name because the name alone tells a story. Modern cultures may view names casually, but they still carry power
How important is your name? In “No Name Woman” by Susan G Kingston she talks about her nameless aunt who has committed adultery and is forgotten because of it. Chinese culture is very strict and non-forgiving it caused this woman to commit suicide along with her new born child because she couldn’t take the torture of living and constantly being judged for a possible mistake. This world that Kingston lived in names were like a privilege. If you did something to distort the Chinese culture your family along with the outsiders would forget you like you never existed.
Willingham, Daniel T. "Why Does Family Wealth Affect Learning?" Ask the Cognitive Scientist: (2012): 1-7. Web. .
There are two crucial variables, the psychological state of readiness to take specific action, and the extent to which a particular course of action is believed to be beneficial in reducing the threat (Rosenstock 1966: 98). In addition to the variables described above, another factor is a cue to provoke action, such as having an accident oneself or recent media attention to the issue. This was named the ‘cue to action. Nisbet and Gick (2008: 297) made a summary the model basically saying
... the correlation that economic status definitely affect educational status thus, causing one to do things that could get one in trouble and possible put in prison.
I have read an account called " 'What's in a Name? " ", which is composed by Henry Louis Gates. This account demonstrates to us a youth experience of the creator that happened amid the mid-1950s. In the article, Gates alludes to an occurrence when a white man, Mr. Wilson, who was well disposed with his dad, called his dad "George", a name which was a prominent method for alluding to African Americans in those circumstances. In any case, Gates' dad needed to acknowledge this separation and couldn't make a move around then. By utilizing sentiment to bring out individuals' enthusiastic reaction, and utilizing suggestion, Gates effectively communicates his claim that name shapes individuals' discernments
...tudents in high-poverty schools. Indeed, low-income students given a chance to attend more-affluent schools performed more than half a year better, on average, than middle income students who attend high-poverty schools” (Kahlenberg, Middle Class Schools for All 2). From this data, it is clear to see that the type of school is what matters most, not income. Ones social income class should not be used to determine their intelligence, but to only advertise their yearly salary.