Every species has their unique way to survive and interact with their environment. Some have extra appendages in order to better combat predators, or they have bodies that allow them to camouflage to their environment. Every species also has their way of reproducing and copulation, whether for necessity or for enjoyment. Two species with different mating habits are the Apis mellifera, better known as honey bees, and Pan paniscus, Bonobos apes. The former uses its reproduction methods for the survival of the entire colony of honey bees in exchange with the death of few and the former uses copulation in a social setting in order to keep the peace of the pack.
Honey bees, or Apis mellifera, are social insects, despite what preconceptions there are about them. They are commonly divided into three divisions of class. The first is the worker bees. They are born from fertilized eggs and are the females that are not sexually developed. They are the ones that people usually associate with honey bees. Their main job is to search for food, and build and protect the hive from predators. They have one stinger that, when used, the worker will die. Next is the queen. Her job is to lay the eggs that will hatch into the new generation of bees. Queens also controls the hive and the activities within the hive by producing chemical pheromones the steers the behavior of the bees. She possesses a stinger and can sting and kill multiple times and not be killed herself. (Hoover, S, et al. 2003) In most hives, only one queen is present and if that queen dies, the workers will create a new queen by feeding one of the workers with a special diet called “royal jelly.” This allows the sterile worker to develop into a fertile queen. The last class division i...
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...versity of California Press.
de Waal, F. B. M. (2001) The Tree of Origin: What Primate Behavior can tell us about Human Social Evolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
de Waal, Frans. (1995) Bonobo Sex and Society. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, pp. 82-88
Frut, B, Hohmann, G. (2000). Use and function of genital contacts among female bonobos. Animal Behaviour Volume 60, Issue 1, Pages 107-120
Haydak, M. (1970) Honey Bee Nutrition. Annual Review of Entomology Vol. 15: 143-156
Hoover, S, et al. (2003) The effect of queen pheromones on worker honey bee ovary development. Volume 90, Number 10, 477-480
Koeniger, G. (1990) The role of the mating sign in honey bees, Apis mellifera L.: does it hinder or promote multiple mating? Animal Behaviour Volume 39, Issue 3, Pages 444-449
Winston, M. (1987) The Biology of the Honey Bee. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Dr. Goodall is a well-known British primatologist who has discovered a substantial amount about primates in her many years of research. She has written numerous books, including one that we will be going into depth about called, “Through a Window.” Her book contains personal experiences, research findings, and even pictures to help the readers visualize her scientific breaking moments from her thirty years with the chimpanzees of Gombe. She states that there is are minor differences, and several similarities between humans and the chimpanzees. We will discuss these differences and similarities through their social behavior, intellectual ability, and emotions. To conclude, examine Goodall’s research to adopt what her findings can tell us about our early ancestors, and whether or not her study coincided to the steps of scientific methodology.
Every few years, Hollywood releases a new Planet of the Ape movie, which is always a blockbuster hit. Moviegoers flock to see these movies of how apes rise together and how they are actually more intelligent than meets the eye. Most people do not know the premise behind these movies of how smart and closely related apes are to humans. This is because people probably have never taken a physical anthropology class and have not done research on apes –our closet kins. Known for his immense studies in the fields of apes and monkeys, his long term research in the behavior of chimpanzees and mountain gorillas, and his experience in the forests with the apes, the co-director of the Jane Goodall Research Center and writer of our textbook, primatologist
(2014) experimentally measured the changes in the honey bee colony performance and fitness due to chronic sub lethal neonicotinoids, thiamethoxam and clothianidin, exposure through diet. The study consisted of 24 honey bee colonies with two different sister-queens from different breeding populations, one from Germany (A. m. carnica) and another from Switzerland (A. m. mellifera). The bees were fed pollen with concentration of 5.0 ppb thiamethoxam and 2.0 ppb clothianidin (Sandrock et al., 2014). The results of the study were such that: there was a decline in the total population of adult bees by 28%, brood by 13%, decline in total production of honey by 29% and total amount of pollen collected by 19%, over two brood cycles of 1.5 months The honey bee colonies were able to recover and successfully survive in the winter of 3.5 months. However, over the one year period, the colony growth declined significantly due to increased queen supersedure and decreased swarming during the next spring (Sandrock et al., 2014). Overall, A. m. mellifera were more vulnerable to the exposure than A. m. carnica. These different results were most likely due to different honey bee ecotypes and differences in their genetics (Sandrock et al., 2014). Therefore, the study suggests that neonicotinoids have negative effects on the honey bee colony performance due to sub lethal
Throughout The Secret Life of Bees , there is no shortage of symbolism, coming directly from its namesake, bees. Each connection draws upon the deep and rich meaning behind this wonderful composed text. The bees, however, never are a scapegoat. Similar to Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird character Atticus, they never allow for shortcuts or disillusion with reality. They force you to see the world as it is, and to accept it, and send love to it, for it is all you can, when you are as insignificant as a
Quiatt, D., & Reynolds, V. (1993). Primate behaviour: information, social knowledge, and the evolution of culture. Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press].
A beehive without a queen is a community headed for extinction. Bees cannot function without a queen. They become disoriented and depressed, and they stop making honey. This can lead to the destruction of the hive and death of the bees unless a new queen is brought in to guide them. Then, the bees will cooperate and once again be a prosperous community. Lily Melissa Owens, the protagonist of Sue Monk Kidd’s The Secret Life of Bees, faces a similar predicament. While she does not live in a physical hive, the world acts as a hive. She must learn to work with its inhabitants, sharing a common direction, in order to reach her full potential. The motif of the beehive is symbolic of how crucial it is to be a part of a community in order to achieve
Kidd, Sue Monk. The Secret Life of Bees. New York, New York: Penguin, 2002. Print.
Our earliest ancestors are primates. They are our closest relatives which is why we can see our behavior’s and practices in them. If we observe them we can get a better understanding of them and us, human beings. But unfortunately we all don’t get the chance to see a Primate right in our backdoor. So the best thing I could do for my observation was to visit them at the zoo.
Apis mellifera, commonly known as the honey bee, are solely responsible for pollinating one-third of the world’s crops, and they are in danger of dying off, according to the article “Natures Dying Migrant Worker,” written by Josephine Marcotty for the Star Tribune. This honey bee population decline poses a huge threat to our environment, farmers, and economy. It is assumed by BBC News writer Zoe Gough in her article,"Wild Honey Bees: Does Their Disappearance Matter?" that all of the wild honey bees in England and Wales are gone. The worldwide eradication of honey bees may not be too far away. The reasons the honey bees are dying are linked to a
This article, titled Common Ground, written by Barbara Smuts, points out the main differences between humans and apes, such as our upright stance, large brains, and capacity for spoken language and abstract reasoning. However, the main point of this article is to emphasize the many similarities that apes share with us. Smuts goes into great detail about how human social and emotional tendencies are very reflective in the family of apes.
While arguments are out there that disagree, recent trend in honey bee die offs has shown
B.M.de Waal, Tree of Origin: What Primate Behavior Can Tell Us about Human Social Evolution. Havard University Press: Massachusets, 2001.
Winfree, R. . The conservation and restoration of wild bees. Annuals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Volume 1195, 3 May 2010, Pages 169 – 197.
During honey bee field trip, I had a first chance to go near to beehives and observe honey bee. Cluster of honey bees were everywhere. They are at the entrance of beehive, each comb of the beehive, even outside of the beehive. I was also surprised that each section of the beehives was too complicated. There were plenty of bees, hexagonal combs blocked or filled with larvae or honey, and a queen. When I used beehive tool and pull out beehive combs, cluster of bees crawl on to my hand. I was afraid about getting stung even though I was wearing gloves and bee suit, but fortunately, I was not get stung. As I touch the bees, it can feel its exoskeleton that I thought it will be crunchy if I tried to squish them with my fingers. When I tried to move
Bees are small flying insects, buzzing around with its painful stings which always make people afraid and annoyed. What generally relate with bees are their roles in pollination and producing honey and beeswax. So it seems that bees might be nothing to human as it’s easy to find substitutes for honey as flavoring. However, this perception is mistaken. Without bees, aftermath.