The null hypothesis being tested states that there is no difference in maple tree density in rural versus urban habitats. The experiment conducted observed maple tree density in both rural and urban habitats. The observed mean number of maple trees per quadrant in an urban habitat (Jackson Park) was 2 trees. The observed mean number of maple trees per quadrant in a rural habitat (Ojibway) was 6.25 trees. A student’s t-test was performed to test the null hypothesis. The tree density was measured in 16 quadrants in a total from the two habitats, thus the degrees of freedom of the experiment was 14. The critical t-value was 2.14 and the observed t-value was 3.12. Since the observed t-value is greater than the critical t-value, the results are …show more content…
The difference in means highlights the anthropogenic effects on maple tree density. According to Bubank (2014), maple trees are declining due to air pollution from sulfuric acid rain and climate change. A lower tree density at Jackson Park can be explained by these factors as it is found in an urban setting where more pollution is likely to occur and this adversely affects maple tree growth. Moreover, the urbanization of natural and agricultural land acts as an environmental stressor which adversely affects plant growth (Kolbe et al, 2016). Ojibway, on the other hand, is a conservation park where efforts are made to reduce anthropogenic stressors on plant development so that there are less chances of pollution occurring and this explains the higher maple tree density there. This experiment reflects the positive effect that conservation has on plant ecosystems and more conservation efforts should be done in the future to tackle climate change and preserve wildlife. Another factor that affects tree density, is nutrient richness in the soil. Natural soil develops as a result of aggregation of salt, clay and other substances which forms a soil structure that enables nutrient availability, which is vital to plant development. Urban soils lack this natural process of structure formation, compacting the soil since it is disturbed often by anthropogenic factors (Craule,
Williams, A. B. (1936). The composition and dynamics of a beech-maple climax community. Ecological monographs, 6(3), 317-408.
These are very difficult questions for me personally to answer because I live in the Pacific Northwest, and I have seen the beauty of the old growth forests first-hand.
A good view the Truax had was that for every tree cut down, 5 more are planted. It is a fact that newer trees give off more air than older trees, so cutting down the older trees
get more wrinkled and cracked as the years go by. The tree can be looked upon as something not that
The purpose of this lab was to discover how diverse the parking lot at Bunker Hill High School could be, by finding out the Shannon Wiener biodiversity index of the parking lot. The parking lot was used because it does not have much immigration and emigration of the cars. Using an actual ecosystem in the wild would be hard to control, what is immigrating and emigrating out of the experiment. The experiment shows how diverse the cars were, and this can show how diverse an actual ecosystem was during that time of the experiment. This then tells that diversity does matters because if everyone had the same kind of car, then no one would be different. However, if the students, faculty, and guests had a variety of cars in the parking lot, which made the experiment more diverse in the parking lot or the community of cars.
We don’t often stop to consider the impact that simply living our human lives has on the other species that once called our neighbourhoods their home. The Fraser Valley, “one of the most important and complex ecosystems in the country” (Thom, p. 171), has been dramatically altered to make a more convenient landscape for housing and farming. In this process, critical habitat has been destroyed and many species that were once abundant have disappeared from our area (Cuthbert p. 24). Urbanization is ongoing and is thought to be the most significant threat to the incredible biodiversity found throughout British Columbia, and particularly the population-dense Lower Mainland (Harding, p. 355). Biodiversity, the “complex web that sustains life on this planet” (Austin, et al., p. 5), is vital for our survival as humans (Cuthbert p. 74). Any loss of biodiversity affects the entire ecosystem and all organisms within it (Fetene et al., p. 52). In the quest to house the ever-expanding human population, we must also consider habitat conservation and seek to preserve the rich biodiversity found in the Fraser Valley that supports and enriches our lives.
Dheeraj Patel Journey Around Canada 2. How do the natural characteristics of Canada influence human activity, and how might human activity influence Canada’s natural characteristics? (B1) In the Central part of Canada there are many different human activities that affect natural characteristics. In the Central part of Canada there are many interior plains landforms.
Many old-growth forests across the landscape of northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan contain a mixture of tree species rather than a monoculture. Many researchers have put forward ideas to explain the competition and co-existence of tree species in such communities. A theory explaining competition and co-existence between two species is gap regeneration. Gap regeneration is when a gap is created upon death of a plant individual and a new individual, sometimes of the same species as died and sometimes not dependent on environmental heterogeneity, takes its place (Kenneth Lertzman). Canopy gaps during gap regeneration can be explained by either reciprocal replacement or habitat preference . In a reciprocal replacement, seedlings of one species would be found predominately under large trees ...
Maple syrup is to people as honey is to bees. The production of syrup is as technical as almost any refined sugar, though like honey it is produced completely naturally, from the sap of maple trees. The process of creating maple syrup is as easy as extracting the sap from the tree and boiling off the excess water. After discussing the sap production, syrup production, and the process of creating maple sugar, we will all have a greater understanding of Maple syrup.
In the last decade, from the Rockies to New England and the Deep South, rural and suburban areas have been beset by white-tailed deer gnawing shrubbery and crops, spreading disease and causing hundreds of thousands of auto wrecks. But the deer problem has proved even more profound, biologists say. Fast-multiplying herds are altering the ecology of forests, stripping them of native vegetation and eliminating niches for other wildlife. ' 'I don 't want to paint deer as Eastern devils, ' ' said Dr. McShea, a wildlife biologist associated with the National Zoo in Washington, ' 'but this is indicative of what happens when an ecosystem is out of whack. ' ' The damage is worse than anyone expected, he and other scientists say. Higher deer densities have affected growth, survival, and reproduction of many plant species which have aesthetic, economic or ecological value. In some cases, many species of trees have also been shown to have reduced growth as a result of high deer density (Environmental Benefits of Hunting, 1). Deer prefer certain plant species over others and frequently feed on economically valuable tree species. For example, they prefer oak and sugar maple seedlings, as well as acorns, over less palatable species like American Beech and striped maple. Thus, less marketable species are more likely to survive to maturity,
Annual Review of Phytopathology, 24, pp. 113-117. 265-287. See the full list of vacancies. Rock, B.N., Vogelmann, J.E., Williams, D.L., Vogelmann, A.F., and Hoshizaki, T. 1986. Remote detection of forest damage.
There have been solid connections between tree distributions, and its abundance to the soil nutrient that it inhabits4. Other factors such as Accessible light, water supply and temperature also influences the success and growth of tree species1. One difference why Oldfield showed more percentage of species covering the ground is because Oldfield is abundant in grass fine leaved and flat leaved while that is not common in
“Healthy forests help absorb greenhouse gasses and carbon emissions that are caused by human civilization and contribute to global climate change. Without trees, more carbon and greenhouse gasses enter the...
Trees are usually considered as bland, unusual objects that are usually taken for granted; however, I believe there is more to a tree that meets the eye. They supply oxygen and shade. During the holidays, trees are able to spread holiday cheer by wearing holiday decorations. Through providing, they are always beneficial to the needs of others. Rather than having striking beauty like a flower, trees have are grounded and possess a gentle beauty; they are adapted wildflowers to their environment. In fact, if I had to compare myself to an inanimate object, I would choose a tree. A tree has many characteristics in common with me. Characteristics like relying on our roots, strength and observation, and helping others and leaving behind a powerful legacy are a few of the traits we share. All of which I believe are admirable qualities to possess.
As the world is growing in industrialization, more and more trees are being removed in a process called deforestation. This produces problems in climate because the deforestation contributes carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Deforestation contributes carbon emissions of 12-18 percent of the world’s total emissions.1 In attempt to reverse these emissions caused by deforestation, the idea of reforestation, or planting more trees and restocking forests, has been proposed as a solution for the climate problem because of the role trees play in sequestration of Carbon, which is the process of storing carbon so it is not emitted into the atmosphere.2