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The mammalian dive response
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Mammalian Dive Reflex
Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is to observe the mammalian dive reflex in 2 subjects’ measuring their heart rate, blood pressure, and % arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2).
Introduction
All mammals, including humans, have the physiological means to survive the submersion of cold water for a greater period of time. This is called the mammalian dive reflex. Taking the subjects heart rate, blood pressure, and percentage of arteriole oxygen saturation shows the cardiac and vascular changes within the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. In this study two human subjects underwent experiments showing how the body responds when the face is submerged in various temperature waters (room temp, warm and cold water).
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Although the three variables including water, position, and apnea were able to activate the diving reflex. It was the water alone that primarily triggered the result. Tables 1-3 shows that just breathing alone tiggered the diving reflex with the heart rating having a slight decrease. However in table 9 when the face was submerged in water, you could see a considerable decrease in the body’s physiological response. This response suggests that when the trigeminal nerve was activated, it relayed a signal to the brain stem within the parasympathetic nervous system, which caused bradycardia (slowing of the heart rate). This data shows that the cold water was the primary source in this reaction of the diving reflex. Although, subject 2’s heart rate only changed slightly, this could be due to either internal or external factors including, students making to much noise, the subject not being familiar with using a mask, or not feeling well that day. Some room for improvements could have been to have younger or older volunteers, work in smaller groups, or to have students be in a less distracting
It increases during physical exercise to deliver extra oxygen to the tissues and to take away excess carbon dioxide. As mentioned at rest, the heart beats around 75 beats per minute but during exercise this could exceed to 200 times per minute. The SAN controls the heart rate. The rate increases or decreases when it receives information by two autonomic nerves that link the SAN and the cardiovascular centre in the medulla of the brain. The sympathetic or accelerator nerve speeds up the heart. The synapses at the end of this nerve secretes noradrenaline. A parasympathetic or decelerator nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve slows down the heart and the synapses at the end of this nerve secretes
I believe if you were to ask any common citizen, no matter how large or small their city may be, they would say that homelessness and food waste are both huge problems in this country. Two men have done their research and have had their own first-hand experiences with these issues. One from being homeless himself, and the other through searching dumpsters to provide for his wife and young son.
After this the men will find themselves doing hours of calisthenics to warm up, only to go back in the cold water for a few more hours. This is a very effective way to teach a potential Seal to mentally resist the effects of hypothermia,...
...dwin M, Parlow JL. Effects of low-intensity exercise conditioning on blood pressure, heart rate, and autonomic modulation of heart rate in men and women with hypertension. 2009 Oct; Vol. 11 (2), pp. 129-43. Date of Electronic Publication: 2009 Jan 15. Ebscohost. Available from: http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.elmhurst.edu/ehost/detail?sid=e45c21d6-7074-4dc5-8390-f4e832d5c470%40sessionmgr110&vid=1&hid=126&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=mnh&AN=19150992
Prisoners were subject to freezing experiments as scientists looked for an effective treatment for hypothermia. Scientists also wanted to discover how long German pilots downed by enemy fire could survive the frozen waters of the North Sea. Some were forced in a tank of ice water at sub-zero temperatures for up to five hours. Others were left outside to freeze in the winter cold. Numerous victims lost consciousness and died when their body temperature dropped to 25 degrees Celsius. It was also found that humans could not survive immersion in the North Sea for more than two hours. By studying the effects of this cold exposure and meticulously noting the changes in the subject’s body temperature, heart rate, and muscle response...
...d by the lamp being on cannot be easily controlled and could be a factor for the increasing heart rate. The heart rate may also increase as a result of the efforts of the Daphnia in escaping from the cavity slide due to limited water supply.
Aquatic Therapy refers to treatments and exercises performed in water for physical rehabilitation purposes. Aquatic therapy uses water as a therapeutic benefit for individuals. The water acts as a form of resistance and aids in improving ones function, flexibility, range of motion, strength, balance, aerobic capacity and endurance, gait and locomotion, and pain management. Due to the buoyancy of the water and its non-gravitational forces, aquatic therapy offers a form of exercise which does not put stress on an individual’s joints or spine. Rather, it serves as a relaxation technique (Webmd, 2014).
After the subjects submerged their faces into 15 and 5 degree water, their heart rates decreased. When the resting heart rate was recorded, it showed a regular heart rate. As shown on the graph, once the subject held their breath, the heart rate increased. It is expected for the heart rate to decrease during apnea because less oxygen is being used meaning your heart is doing less work. Once you breathe again, the heart rate will increase due to homeostasis.
There are an estimated 8,000 deaths per year in the United States from drowning. Near-drowning occurs anywhere from 2-20 times more frequently (for estimated 16,000-160,000 events per year)7. The definitions for drowning and near-drowning have for the longest time been very confusing to understand. Recent health officials have attempted to resolve some of this confusion by redefining drowning as “the process of experiencing respiratory insufficiency or difficulty following a submersion or immersion in a body of liquid.” Near-drowning has also been redefined as “survival from a drowning event which involved impaired consciousness or water inhalation for 24 hours or more”2. Both near drowning and near-drowning occur when someone experiences a submersion event. A submersion event is when someone, in this case a pediatric patient, experiences an unexpected submersion in water. When an unexpected submersion, regardless of water type (salt or fresh) occurs, the individual experiences breath hold, panic, and a struggle to resurface1. Humans, naturally, can only hold their breath for a short period of time. This prolonged breath hold results in hypoxia and eventually leads to involuntary gasping. As the individual attempts to gasp for air they sometimes aspirate7. This paper will attempt to look at the clinical presentation of a near-drowning patient who has suffered from a submersion event.
Divers cannot put the equipment on and immediately dive in. Before diving there are a series of procedures the diver and their partners must do before going down. In addition, the further down the diver dives the more pressure pressing down on the diver which lessens the amount of oxygen in the scuba tank. Therefore, the further down the diver dives the less time the diver can spend on the bottom. But now, by far the largest group of divers is “Recreational Divers”. These dives are practiced at depths of less than 130 feet, from these depths, divers can make a straight ascent to the surface. Diving beyond this limit requires advanced training. Also, when diving the diver must take into account the amount of time spent descending and ascending in the water. If the diver descends too quickly the pressure can deflate their lungs and cause problems. Similarly, if they ascend too quickly nitrogen bubbles can form under the diver’s skin causing bends or decompression sickness. This sickness can be extremely harmful and possibly fatal. Lastly, a dive watch or computer is needed to calculate the amount of oxygen left in their tank and the depth. Dive computers help the divers be aware of their conditions and keep them
.... This study was important in learning the affects of exercise on HR, BP, and pulse oximetry, and would have been more accurate and useful if the evaluators had access to a wider range of equipment/facilities.
The Tarchanoff Response is a change in DC potential across neurones of the autonomic nervous system connected to the sensori-motor strip of the cortex. This change was found to be related to the level of cortical arousal. The emotional charge on a word, heard by a subject, would have an immediate effect on the subject's level of arousal, and cause this physiological response. Because the hands have a particularly large representation of nerve endings on the sensori-motor strip of the cortex, hand-held electrodes are ideal. As arousal increases, the "fight or flight" stress response of the autonomic nervous system comes into action, and adrenaline causes increased sweating amongst many other phenomena, but the speed of sweating response is nowhere near as instantaneous or accurate as the Tarchanoff response.
4 James E. Counsilman and Brian E. Counsilman, The New Science of Swimming, (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1994) 10-22
...W, Rotstein DS, Rowles TK, Simmons SE, Van Bonn W, Weathersby PK, Weise MJ, Williams TM, Tyack PL (2011) Deadly diving? Physiological and behavioral management of decompression stress in diving mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Biological Sciences. 279:1041-1050
In news stories the world over there are cases of pets and occasionally humans that have fallen into icy lakes and been submerged for up to and over an hour. Often the human or pet will perish due to the cold temperature of the water but in some cases are pulled free and are resuscitated; surviving their ordeal and being effectively ‘restored’ from what is considered by normal standards certain death. The idea that conscious beings could survive such trauma is that the icy water lowers body temperature and places it into a state of suspended animation, slowing metabolism and brain function to levels where they require very little or no oxygen at all.