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Life Cycle of Malaria
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Malaria is an ancient disease transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito that predates recorded history. Historically it was common in the swampy areas around Rome, and was believed that the tainted air in those locations made people very sick, the disease was therefore named malaria for the Latin root words bad air. Malaria is caused by small parasitic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium which infects both humans and mosquitoes in a cyclical process. It is carried by only by female mosquitoes residing in tropical and subtropical areas and is injected into unsuspecting human hosts by the bite of an infected mosquito. This particular Plasmodium is highly specific to infecting humans as we are the only vertebrates infected and the Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors. (1). This papers main focus shall be the process by which a malarial plasmodium colonizes and infects a human host, the methods the body employs to control the infection and the continuous life cycle completed between the two hosts.
To understand any disease in humans one must first understand how it arrives into the body and what processes ensue. The following shall first describe the transmition of the disease and then the colonization that takes place.
During a blood meal on a human a female mosquito must inject her saliva containing an anticoagulant agent to ensure and even flow of blood into the mouth (1). With the saliva comes malarial sporozoites which, within minutes of direct contact with the blood take an immediate route with the circulation of blood to the liver of the human (2). Research has indicated that once the sporozoites arrive in the livers sinusoidal cavities they stop their movement by using two major surface proteins, the circumsporozoite and the thormbospondin-related adhesive protein (3). Research
Page 3 of 6 conducted by Pradel et al. suggests that the sporozoites use these surface proteins to attach to proteoglycans in the sinusoidal extracellular matrix to slow their travel through the liver and then bind to chondroiten and heparin sulfate proteoglycans on the Kupfer cells. The Kupfer cells then become the doorways through which the sporozoite leaves the circulatory system and enters the underlying hepatocytes.
Once the sporozoites invade the hepatocytes they are protected from the immune system by a parasitophosphorous (4) vacuole that does not colocalize with the normal signals for acidifying organelles (2). Because the body doesn’t recognize the vacuole as a threat at this point it remains safely with in the hepatic cell where it will stay for 9-16 days and differentiate into haploid cells called schizont which contain nearly 30,000 compact cells called merozoites (1).
To begin with, Sandro never found someone to rely on for emotional comfort when he lost the foundation of his identity and family strength. Yvonne Bezerria, admitted in the film, “When Sandro was six, his mother was murdered. Butchered in front of him in a shack” (Bus 174). This quote can suggest a severe case of trauma, he witnessed his pregnant mother’s death at a very young age and began to live on the streets. After Sandro became accustomed to the homeless lifestyle and made friendships with other homeless children, he watched eight of his friends be murdered in front of a catherdral by law enforcers. In the film, an angered Sandro says, “You bet, it’s a serious crime! The whole country can watch me! Hear what I’m saying, pigs? Hear me? You killed my friends at. I know-- Candelária ---- I was there,” (Bus 174). The Candelária massacre is the killing of eight out of sixty-eight homeless children and teenagers by six police officer in front of the Candelaria Cathedral the night of July 23, 1993. This horrific crime has devastated thousands of Brazilians across Rio de Janeiro, including Sandro, who was a survivor of the shooting and a witness of eight of his friends’ deaths. The distress that Sandro has experienced from the violence and hatred of the Brazilian society has led to a negative consequence that have endangered many civilians that were on the bus
this is the prepatent period. The worms then reside in the heart, lungs, and associated blood vessels. The worms begin to mate and release microfilaria into the blood stream. When a mosquito bites an infected dog it takes in some of the microfilaria in the blood. After 10 to 30 days there is larvae in the mosquito’s salivary gland which can then be passed on to the next dog the mosquito bites.
Psychiatry in a nutshell is the fundamental of how to treat mental illnesses, emotional disturbances and abnormal behavior. Psychology and psychiatry go hand in hand, meaning that they both coincide with mental health problems and emotional occurrences. Being a psychiatrist means that that someone would talk to patients and reason with them, about things they do in their life and how they can do them better. Becoming a psychiatrist to help young adults and adults come to terms with their illnesses and some people want to help them get through everyday life.
After reviewing all of theories of personalities throughout this course, I have found Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory to be my favorite theory of personality because it focuses on the three component parts of the mind: the id, ego and superego. This “structural theory” of personality places great importance on how conflicts among the parts of the mind shape behavior and personality. These conflicts are mostly unconscious. Romans 12:2 new living translation version states, “Don't copy the behavior and customs of this world, but let God transform you into a new person by changing the way you think. Then you will learn to know God's will for you, which is good and pleasing and perfect.” This scripture is relevant because the mind needs to be renewed.
Forensic (criminal) psychology is a job field that deals with both psychology and law. The field has experienced dramatic growth in recent years due to the role of popular movies, television programs and books popularizing the field. Often these individuals are depicted as vivid components in solving vicious crimes or timing out a criminal’s next home. While these depictions of certainly entertaining, yet these portrayals are not necessarily precise. Forensic psychologists play an instrumental role in the criminal justice system while applying psychological principles to the legal system. The crossover of the two spheres is best decided in the Encyclopedia of Psychology,
In a highly respected profession such as nursing, professionalism is an important element to staying employed and setting one’s self apart from the rest of the applicants when competing for a potential job. By definition professionalism are the qualities and traits that describe a professional. While knowledge is crucial in any profession, according to an article published by the University of Kansas (2012), “all medical professionals must strive to retain those humanistic qualities integrity, respect, and compassion that constitute the essence of professionalism.” Whether you work in a hospital or administration these three qualities encompass the core of nursing and exemplify what it means to be a professional.
Nursing is a career often based off of being critical thinkers, having great communication skills, and showing empathy through their care. One important characteristic that is frequently overlooked, although it is one of the most important components of being a nurse, is professionalism. So many different aspects fall under the definition of professionalism when it comes to upholding the duties of a nurse. These qualities can range from just looking the part, to the way a nurse communicates with their patients and those involved in the patient’s care. With all things considered, I will explain just how important professionalism is on the basis of ethics, professional behaviors, how nurses serve a global community, and diversity.
Theoretically, Edna’s need to fulfill her personal desires is the cause of her demise. Edna chooses to associate and be enamored with Robert. In doing so, Edna begins to step farther and farther away from her family and sees their needs less clearly. Bonnie St. Andrews views Edna’s actions as, “one woman’s rebellion against convention” (28). In essence, her desires turn into a greed that blinds her from seeing anyone except herself.
Experts working at universities, doing research, are often paid similarly to those in other areas of psychology. Additionally, “forensic psychologists in private practice are often well compensated”, says Connell. It is difficult to pinpoint earnings for forensic psychologists because the Bureau of Labor Statistics only reports on the earnings of general psychologists. These numbers are as follows; $69,280 median salary, and greater than $110,880 for the upper tenth percentile in 2012 (Page 30). However, according to Payscale, forensic psychologists are currently earning anywhere from $39,620 to $150,900. In spite of these reports, it is difficult to predict salary without knowing an individual’s qualifications, experience, and
All pictures and quoted information has been taken from Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2003 © 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. (Search: Human Diseases)
These next two years are all about preparation. My education as a nursing student is not simply about knowledge and skill, but also about growth within my attitude and professionalism. If I have all the nursing knowledge and skill in the world, but have a poor attitude and reflect poor professional values, then I truly cannot be a great nurse. That is why these professionalism concepts are such a vital aspect of my education as a nursing student, because without them, I cannot be a great nurse. A great nurse is one who has high knowledge and skill levels, but also utilizes professionalism in his or her interactions with patients, patient’s families, and other healthcare providers. A great nurse is someone who treats all patients with honor, dignity, and respect; exhibiting the professional values in all that they do. As I reflect on my own path and progress within my own professionalism, I notice that my professional communication skills need sharpening. Throughout my nursing education, I wish to further develop communication skills that will be reflected in my relationships with those around me.
Forensic psychiatry is a branch of psychiatry in the medical field which targets the interface of law and mental health of assessing and treating the mentally ill within a community. The field requires a deep understanding of the mentally incompetent and the legal outcomes of various situations. A forensic psychiatrist is a medical professional with a doctorate who has specialized in psychiatry and has a deep understanding of law and its processes. Their job is to assess, identify, and treat a person that has a mental illness which commonly involves legal situations. A forensic psychiatrist day-to-day life would include working with inmates in prison or a correctional institute, and or in a medical setting such as a hospital in which they will
She is getting helped by someone she doesn’t know and she is trying to figure out who it is while finding herself. The chapter “Fate” tries to answer the questions by giving her many cultures perspective on fate. It talks about how fate is generally present in most cultures around the world in different forms. Greeks thought that the gods knew their fate and would sometimes tamper with it. It talks about different Greek stories that show how fate catches up with it’s person no matter what. That shown in the story about King Oedipus. It is then shown by how she keeps getting things for Hilde. It is like her fate is intertwined with
Microscopy will be performed on the patient to establish the type of malaria parasite and the number of these parasites in his/her blood sample. The blood sample can be extracted through a finger stab and then made into thick and thin films, and examined severally using a 100x oil immersion objective after staining them with Romanovsky stain (Warrell, Cox, & Firth, 2005, p. 734). By observation, the species of plasmodium can be seen and the number of them established
We run into issues and dilemmas that necessarily do not need to happen, such as: horizontal violence, workplace violence, and even bullying. By definition, horizontal violence is a behavior that is directed by one peer towards another that causes harm, disrespect, and devalues the worth of the recipient (Purpora & Blegen, 2012). Although nursing is a profession that provides care and compassion, this type of behavior exists in many forms. Horizontal violence can affect teamwork, communication, and most importantly, patient safety. These issues can be mitigated by understanding how to approach and engage in “crucial conversations.” The first step to understanding how to overcome crucial conversations is to know that everyone’s opinions vary (Patterson et al., 2012). Secondly, we need to understand that stakes are high. Thirdly, our emotions can run strong and take over conversations without us even realizing it (Patterson et al.,