MIDI for beginners
Background
The acronym MIDI stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. A
Musical Instrument is a machine that makes sounds which humans have
decided to call music. Digital means information that is encoded in
numerical form, i.e. numbers, while Interface means a machine which
facilitates communication between two or more systems.
In practical terms, MIDI is a standard way for all sorts of modern
musical equipment to talk to each other. This equipment commonly
consists of things like keyboards, computer sequencers, synthesisers,
and samplers, but it also includes mixers, tape recorders, effects
generators, guitars, drum kits, wind instruments etc.
The MIDI Standard was designed in the early 80's by a partnership
between Roland and Sequential Circuits, two of the largest synthesiser
manufactures of the time. This came about because of pressure from
keyboard players, who wanted a universal interface standard for all
their synthesisers to comply to. They were fed up with different
synthesiser corporations using their own communications standard which
were incompatible with those of other corporations.
After the publication of the MIDI standard in 1984, other musical
equipment manufactures quickly began to implement it in the designs of
their products and MIDI became a world wide standard.
A major advantage of MIDI over old analogue interface standards, such
as CV (Control Voltage), is that it is possible to transfer up to
sixteen channels of data down one cable, as opposed to CV's one
channel per cable.
Another major advantage of MIDI is that it enables computers equipped
with MIDI to be used to write music and control musical equipment.
This is done with programs called sequencers. They can give a very
high degree of control over music, impossible through conventional
means.
Another advantage of MIDI is that it is now a world wide standard,
insuring that practically all professional electronic music equipment
will be compatible with it.
Having sixteen channels to transfer MIDI data can also be a limitation
when you want to use more than sixteen channels. However, this problem
can be got around by using two or more midi interfaces each giving
sixteen channels.
Another limitation of MIDI is that you can not use it to transfer real
time digital audio.
MIDI information is transferred by sending a digital signal down a
wire from one system to another. This digital data takes the form of
binary numbers, physically transferred by sending zero volts for zero
or off and plus five volts for one or on.
Certain binary numbers convey certain types of information, for
example a certain binary number will tell the device that a note on a
keyboard has been pressed. This is called a note on event and the
Communication comes in many forms: written words, spoken words, sign language, pictures, gestures, etc. Each of these forms of communications can be an effective way to express oneself. The ways to communicate are as numerous and diverse as the people who use them to convey their thoughts and ideas. One of the most universal forms of expression is music. Music can be a combination of several forms of communication or just simple sounds that move the soul.
Stop-and-frisk is a crime prevention action that allows a police officer to stop and frisk a pedestrian without probable cause to arrest, if the officer has a reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime (Stop and Frisk). It was first approved by the Supreme Court in 1968 after the case Terry v. Ohio, which was considered as a landmark decision. The purpose was to reduce the number of crimes and limited use of firearms; but after several years of implementation, it has faced so many oppositions from the people, and did not really get the positive results.
The fourth chapter, “Music on the Brain: Imagery and Imagination,” covers imagery as it resides in individuals. Sacks brings up his own parents to demonstrate that not every person has equal potential to posses imagery. In this sense, he basically says his father did and his mother did not. But musicians and those skilled within the field, were very talented at this trait. He begins talking about composers and examines how they interpret music. Beethoven’s creative process is used as an example because he is deaf. Due to the fact that he was not able to experience external music, he was forced to be more abstract and use his imagination. Sacks personal relationship is best described as a gift that few are given. He is able to hear music play
Search incident to arrest-allows the police to seize the item but cannot access the content or should not
Stop-and-frisk has been a contentious police practice since first approved by the Supreme Court in 1968. In Floyd v City of New York, the U.S District Court for the Southern District of New York ruled that New York City’s stop-and-frisk practices violate both the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. In New York City, stop-and-frisk practices have generated strong debate on the wisdom and legality of these procedures. From January 2004 through June 2012, the New York City Police Department made 4.4 million pedestrian stops, of which over 80 percent were African Americans or Latinos (Rudovsky & Rosenthal 2013). More than half of those stopped were also subjected to a frisk (Rudovsky & Rosenthal 2013). The number of stops per year rose sharply from 314,000 in 2004 to a high of 686,000 in 2011. 52 percent of all stops were followed by a protective frisk for weapons; a weapon was found in only 1.5 percent of these frisks (Rudovsky & Rosenthal 2013). 8 percent of all stops led to a search into the stopped person’s clothing because the officer felt an object during the frisk that he either suspected to be a weapon or immediately perceived to be other contraband. In 9 percent of these searches, the object was a weapon. 6 percent of all 4.4 million stops resulted in an arrest; 6 percent resulted in a summons. The remaining 88 percent resulted in no further law enforcement action. The officer used force in 23 percent of the stops of Blacks, in 24 percent of Hispanics, and in 17 percent of the stops in Whites. Weapons were seized in 1 percent of the stops of Blacks, 1.1 of the stops in Hispanics and 1.4 percent of the stops of Whites. Contraband other than weapons was seized in 1.8 percent of the stops of Blacks, in 1.7 percent of the stops of...
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When it comes to recording in a modern day environment DAW’s (digital audio workstation) are an essential piece of equipment if professional standard results are desired. Although DAW’s are considered a modern technological advancement the first attempt at a DAW was in 1977 and it came from Dr. Tom Stockham’s Soundstream (See references for full description) digital system. It had very powerful editing capabilities and for its time a very advanced crossfader but was still primitive compared to today’s standard. At this moment there are 100’s of DAW’s on the market but arguably there some obvious leaders. Avid’s Pro Tools has been the go to DAW for any professional studio for the past 20 years and although there have been rumors of Avid going out of business and the features in Pro Tools becoming dated, Pro Tools is still a viable option for studios worldwide. Logic Pro has risen to the fore-front of the industry in recent years due to its easy to use interface that is possible of producing professional results. Ableton Live strays away from a hardware instrument music environment to cater for electronic music users. Audio to MIDI is a main focus along with the critically acclaimed Max for Live used for live performances by many current EDM artists. Each individual DAW has its own pros and cons and comparing these can highlight which DAW is the best for what task.
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